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{{distinguish|Zvolen|Zwolen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptioans -->
<!-- Name and transliteration -->| name = Zwolle
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in the Netherlands by province|City]] and [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]]
<!-- Images, nickname, motto -->| image_alt =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 2/1/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sassenstraat 1-15, Zwolle.jpg
| alt1 = Sassenstraat
| caption1 = Sassenstraat
| image2 = Diezerstraat - Grote Markt, Zwolle - BB - 1.jpg
| alt2 = Grote Markt
| caption2 = Grote Markt
| image3 = Museum de Fundatie Panorama.png
| alt3 = Museum de Fundatie
| caption3 = [[Museum de Fundatie]]
| image4 = Luttekestraat 12-16, Zwolle - BB.jpg
| alt4 = Luttekestraat
| caption4 = Luttekestraat
| image5 = City Centre, 8011 Zwolle, Netherlands - panoramio (12).jpg
| alt5 = Binnenstad
| caption5 = Binnenstad
}}
| image_flag = Flag_of_Zwolle.svg
| flag_size = 100x67px
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Zwolle wapen HRvA.svg
| shield_size = 100x80px
| shield_alt = <!-- Maps, coordinates -->
| image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0193 (2009).svg
| map_alt = Highlighted position of Zwolle in a municipal map of Overijssel
| map_caption = Location in Overijssel
| pushpin_map = Netherlands#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Netherlands##Location within Europe
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|52|31|N|6|6|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Overijssel]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web
|url = https://www.zwolle.nl/bestuur/college-burgemeester-en-wethouders/samenstelling-college/peter-snijders
|title = Portefeuille burgemeester Peter Snijders
|trans-title = Tasks of mayor Peter Snijders
|language = nl
|publisher = Gemeente Zwolle
|access-date = 6 October 2019
|archive-date = 6 October 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191006152741/https://www.zwolle.nl/bestuur/college-burgemeester-en-wethouders/samenstelling-college/peter-snijders
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]]
| leader_party = [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]]
| leader_title = [[Burgomaster|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Peter Snijders
<!-- Geographic information -->| total_type = Municipality<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| unit_pref = Metric
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref>
<!-- square kilometers -->| area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Zwolle}}
| area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Zwolle}}
| area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Zwolle}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool
|title = Postcodetool for 8011PK
|language = nl
|author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
|work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland
|publisher = Het Waterschapshuis
|access-date = 25 March 2014}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 4
| elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, demographics -->
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|dataref}}</ref>
| population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Zwolle}}
| population_as_of = Municipality, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}; Urban and Metro, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbaseyear}}}}
| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Zwolle}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto-->
| population_urban = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Zwolle Urban}}
| population_metro = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Zwolle Metro}}
| population_demonym = Zwollenaar
<!-- Other information -->| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]]
| postal_code = 8000–8049
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]]
| area_code = 038
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.zwolle.nl}}
| module = {{infobox mapframe|zoom=5}}
| footnotes = Click on the map for a fullscreen view
}}
'''Zwolle''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈzʋɔlə|lang|Nl-Zwolle.ogg}}) is a [[List of cities in the Netherlands by province|city]] and [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] in the Northeastern [[Netherlands]]. It is the [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Provinces of the Netherlands|province]] of [[Overijssel]] and the province's second-largest municipality, after [[Enschede]], and has a population of 132.441 as of December 2023. Zwolle borders the province of [[Gelderland]] and lies on the eastern side of the River [[IJssel]].
== History ==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population
|align = left
|cols =
|pop_name =
|percentages = pagr
|footnote =
|source = {{Harvnb|Lourens|Lucassen|1997|pp=83–84}}
|1404|3500
|1525|4500
|1599|6500
|1628|7700
|1670|10932
|1675|6963
|1680|9388
|1682|7800
|1748|11931
|1795|12220
}}
[[Archeology|Archaeological]] findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A [[Henge|woodhenge]] that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the [[Bronze Age]] period.<ref>Theo Holleman (1996), ''Een verleden op de schop'', University Press, Amsterdam, {{ISBN|90-5356-189-7}}</ref><ref>Hove, ten J. (2005). ''Geschiedenis van Zwolle'' Zwolle: Waanders. {{ISBN|90-400-9050-5}}</ref> During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by [[Salian Franks]].
The modern city was founded around 800 CE by [[Frisians|Frisian]] merchants and troops of [[Charlemagne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm|title=Het begin|access-date=17 March 2007|author=F.C. Berkenvelder|year=1980|work=Zwolle 750 jaar stad|publisher=[[Waanders]]|language=nl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816060611/http://www.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm|archive-date=16 August 2006}}</ref> Previous spellings of its name include the identically pronounced ''Suolle'', which means "hill" (cf. the English [[cognate]] [[verb]] "to swell"). This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, [[IJssel]], [[Vecht (Overijssel)|Vecht]], Aa and [[Zwarte Water]]. The hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline.
{{anchor|Saint Michael|Saint Michael Church|St. Michael|St. Michael Church}}
A document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to [[Michael (archangel)|St Michael]]. That church, the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), was renovated in the first half of the 15th century and exists to this day. The church contains a richly carved [[pulpit]], the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch (about 1620), some good carving, and an exquisite [[Organ (instrument)|Baroque organ]] from 1721 designed by master organ builder [[Arp Schnitger]] and completed by his sons Franz Caspar and Johann Georg.
On 31 August 1230, the bishop of [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Utrecht]] granted Zwolle [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]]. Zwolle became a member of the [[Hanseatic league]] in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and [[Valdemar IV of Denmark]]. In the 1370 [[Treaty of Stralsund (1370)|Treaty of Stralsund]] that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a ''vitte'', a trade colony, in [[Scania]], then part of [[Denmark]]. Zwolle's golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450, the city's [[Gross Regional Product]] multiplied by about six.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm|title=De handel en de Hanze|access-date=17 March 2007|author=F.C. Berkenvelder|year=1980|work=Zwolle 750 jaar stad|publisher=[[Waanders]]|language=nl|quote=De stedelijke geldmiddelen, het nationaal inkomen zouden wij nu zeggen, die in 1402 nog 6.000 gulden bedroegen waren in 1450 bijna verzesvoudigd tot 34.000 gulden. (Translated: The city's financial resources, the national income as we would now call it, which were 6,000 guilders in 1402, had by 1450 multiplied by six to 34,000 guilders.)|archive-date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523153738/http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In July 1324 and October 1361, regional [[nobleman|noblemen]] set fire to Zwolle. In the 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames.<ref>{{cite news |title = Zwolle op keerpunt van bestaan |language = nl |publisher = [[De Stentor]] |date = 2 March 2005 }}</ref>
[[File:Blaeu 1652 - Zwolle.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Zwolle by [[Joan Blaeu]] in Blaeu's "Toonneel der Steden", 1652]]
Zwolle was also, with [[Deventer]], one of the centers of the [[Brethren of the Common Life]], a [[monastic]] movement. {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} from Zwolle, on a slight eminence called the Agnietenberg, (hill of St Agnes), once stood the Augustinian convent in which [[Thomas à Kempis]] spent the greatest part of his life and died (in 1471).<ref name="EB1911"/>
At least as early as 1911, Zwolle had a considerable trade by river, a large fish market, and the most important cattle market in the Netherlands after [[Rotterdam]]. The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, and salt-making.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Zwolle |volume=28 |page=1064}}</ref>
[[Image:Front of De Librije.jpg|thumb|left|[[De Librije]]]]
In [[World War II]], Zwolle was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by French-Canadian soldier [[Léo Major]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Major|title = Léo Major | Canadian soldier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFf1UfVa8Lc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/eFf1UfVa8Lc| archive-date=2021-11-13 | url-status=live|title = The One-Eyed Scout Who Liberated a Whole Town By Himself by Simple History|website = [[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was made an [[Honorary citizenship|honorary citizen]] of Zwolle on 14 April 2005, the 60th [[anniversary]] of his liberating of the city. He also has a street named after him, Leo Majorlaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada Remembers Times Veterans' Week Special Edition |url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/classroom/canada-remembers-times/2020/page2 |website=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=24 August 2020 |access-date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/ |title=Visit Zwolle: Home of the Bluefingers and a French-Canadian Hero |last=Goyjer |first=Jim |date=2 October 2020 |website=Dutch Review |publisher= |access-date=24 August 2021 |quote= |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824034201/https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/leo-major-the-unstoppable.html |title=A Mad Major: The Canadian Hero Who Captured A City |last=Moncure |first=Billy |date=11 March 2019 |website=War History Online |publisher= |access-date=24 August 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
===21st century===
In 2004, Zwolle's [[De Librije]] restaurant was honored with 3 stars by [[Michelin Guide]]; as of 2018, it is one of only three restaurants so honored in the entire country.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
In 2023, [[Tewelde Goitom]], an Eritrean convicted in Ethiopia of migrant smuggling, kidnapping in Sinai and human trafficking appeared at a pretrial hearing in Zwolle, which made international headlines.<ref name="us">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-10 |title=Alleged Eritrean People Smuggler Appears in Dutch Court}}</ref>
===Blauwvingers===
Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as ''Blauwvingers'' (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell the [[church bell]]s to neighbouring city [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]]. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four [[duit|''duiten'']] (the equivalent of two-and-a-half [[Dutch guilder|cents]]). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boxma|first=Willem|year=2001|title=Steuren, blauwvingers, kwekweschudders en tukkers. Schimpnamen in Overijssel|journal=Traditie. Tijdschrift over Tradities en Trends.|volume=2|pages=26–27|issn=1382-4104|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |title=In welke stad wonen de blauwvingers? |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur]] |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |archive-date=11 January 2006 }}</ref>
In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-08 |title=De Blauwvingers van Zwolle |url=https://historiek.net/de-blauwvingers-van-zwolle/143987/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Historiek |language=nl-NL}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Geography==
[[File:Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Dutch Topographic map of the city of Zwolle, september 2022]]
Besides the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), the latter which houses a majestic [[Baroque]] organ built by [[Arp Schnitger]], there are several other historic monuments in Zwolle. The Roman Catholic ''Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming''-[[basilica]] (Our Lady of the Assumption) dates back to 1399. The church tower, called ''[[Peperbus (Zwolle)|Peperbus]]'' (pepperpot), is one of the tallest and most famous church towers in the Netherlands. The modernized [[town hall]] was originally built in 1448.<ref name="EB1911"/>
Mention should also be made of the ''Sassenpoort'' (one of the old city gates), the city walls, the ''Mosterdmakerstoren'' (''mustard makers' tower'') (the complex where local mustard used to be made), a guild-house (1571), the former provincial government offices, a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monastery, and on the Melkmarkt, two museums; the [[Stedelijk Museum Zwolle]] of antiquities and natural history, and the [[Vrouwenhuis, Zwolle|Vrouwenhuis]]. [[Museum de Fundatie]], the fine art museum of the province of Overijssel, is hosted in the former Justice Hall on Blijmarkt Square.
In the western part of the city, west of the railway station, there is a quarter of [[Art Nouveau]] buildings, concentrated mostly on Koningin Wilhelminastraat, Prinses Julianastraat, and Prins Hendrikstraat. These three-store living houses were built in 1900s by various Dutch architects. Eleven of the buildings are protected by the Dutch government ([[rijksmonument]]en).
The ''Broerenkerk'' church was part of the [[Dominican order|Dominican monastery]] founded in 1465. The monastery was closed in 1580 and the monks were expelled. From 1640 until 1982 the church was used for Protestant services. After a restoration in 1983–1988 it has been used for cultural events and it is now a bookstore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archimon.nl/overijssel/zwollebroerenkerk.html |title=Zwolle (Ov): Broerenkerk |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=archimon.nl |access-date=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rickscholten.nl/page.php?id=3 |title=Waanders in the Broerenkerk |last1=Scholten |first1=Rick |access-date=10 August 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===Image gallery===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Thorbeckegracht en Wijndragerstoren Zwolle Overijssel.jpg|Thorbeckegracht and Wijndragerstoren
File:Peperbus, Eekwal.jpg|Peperbus from the Eekwal. The house in front really ''is'' that crooked.
File:Zwolle, Praubstraat.jpg|Praubstraat, inner city
File:Zwolle Sassenpoort.jpg|Sassenpoort
File:Thorbeckewal en Thorbeckegracht Zwolle Overijssel.jpg|Thorbeckewal and Vispoortbridge
File:Zwolle, Rijke Fratershuis.jpg|The ''Rich Friar House'' a center of the ''[[Devotio Moderna]]'' and later the home of Willem Bartjens
File:Zicht op Zwolle Centrum.jpg|View of Zwolle city centre
File:Organ in Broerenkerk, Zwolle, 2013.jpg|The organ in Broerenkerk
File:Herman Brood Museum & Experience Zwolle Overijssel.jpg|[[Herman Brood]] Museum & Experience
File:Zwolle Prins Hendrikstraat Gate.jpg|The Art Nouveau gate at Prins Hendrikstraat 1-3-5. 1902, architect Geurt Gijsbertus Post
File:Zwolle, fontein in Stadsgracht bij Museum de Fundatie foto4 2016-06-05 10.03.jpg|Fountain near Museum de Fundatie
</gallery>
==Notable residents==
:''See also [[:Category:People from Zwolle|People from Zwolle]]''
;Arts, culture, entertainment and the media
* [[Willem Victor Bartholomeus]] (1825–1892), organist and conductor
* [[Hein Boele]] (born 1939), actor, Dutch voice of [[Elmo]]
* [[Jonnie Boer]] (born 1965), chef with three Michelin stars
* [[Gerard ter Borch]] (1617–1681), painter<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ter_Borch,_Gerard |volume= 26 |short=x}}</ref>
* [[Gerard ter Borch the Elder]] (1583–1662), painter
* [[Moses ter Borch]] (1645–1667), painter
* [[Tooske Breugem]] (born 1974), television host actress
* [[Herman Brood]] (1946–2001), painter/rock star
* [[Funda Eryiğit]] (born 1984), Turkish actress
* [[Willem Grasdorp]] (1678–1723), painter
* [[Aleida Greve]] (1670–1742), painter
* [[Anna Cornelia Holt]] (1671–1692), painter
* [[Sophia Holt]] (1658–1734), painter
* [[Antonina Houbraken]] (1686–1736), draughtswoman
* [[Marnix Kappers]] (1943–2016), actor
* [[Thomas à Kempis]] ({{Circa|1380}}–1471), canon and mystic
* [[Master I. A. M. of Zwolle]] ({{Circa|1440}}–1490), engraver
* [[Ton Koopman]] (born 1944), a conductor, organist, and harpsichordist
* [[Yuri Landman]] (born 1973), experimental musical instrument builder, comic book artist
* [[Cornelia van Marle]] (1661–1698), painter
* [[Michael Minsky]] (1918–1988), singer and conductor
* [[Leonard van Munster]] (born 1972), artist
* [[Opgezwolle]] (since 2001), rap crew
* [[Jan Vayne]] (Jan Veenje) (born 1966), pianist
* [[Charlotte Wessels]] (born 1987), former singer for [[Delain]]
* [[Aleijda Wolfsen]] (1648–1692), painter
;Authors
* [[Eef Brouwers]] (1939–2018), journalist and former head of the [[Netherlands Government Information Service]]
* [[A. den Doolaard]] (1901–1994), author
* [[Rhijnvis Feith]] (1753–1824), author
* [[Everhardus Johannes Potgieter]] (1808–1875), author
;Business
* [[Willem Jan van Dedem]] (1776–1851), landowner and founder of the canal and town of Dedemsvaart<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wieiswieinoverijssel.nl/zoekresultaten/p2/459-willem-jan-baron-van-dedem |title=Willem Jan baron van Dedem (1776-1851) |website=Wie is wie in Overijssel |access-date=14 March 2022 |language=nl}}</ref>
;Religion
* [[Johannes Busch]] (1399–{{Circa|1480}}), church reformer and provost of the Augustinian monastic order
* [[Andreas Ignatius Schaepman]] (1815–1882), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Archbishop of Utrecht]]
* [[Alanus de Rupe]] (1428–1475), Roman Catholic theologian and Dominican promotor of the [[rosary]]
;Politics
* [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]] (born 1937), former [[Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands)|Minister of Economic Affairs]]
* [[Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol]] (1741–1784), role in the [[Batavian Republic]]
* [[Wybo Fijnje]] (1750–1809), Mennonite minister, publisher, exile, coup perpetrator, politician
* [[Willem Johan Lucas Grobbée]] (1822–1907), [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Minister of Finance]] from 1883 to 1885
* [[Johannes van Heerdt tot Eversberg]] (1829–1893), former governor of Suriname and Curaçao<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vg09lmg9siq6 |title=J.H.A.W. baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg |website=Dutch Parliament|access-date=11 February 2022|language=nl}}</ref>
* [[Piet Kasteel]] (1901–2003), ambassador and former governor of Curaçao<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/leven-met-kuyper-gerbrandy-en-zoon-karel~b8682ebb/ |title=Leven met Kuyper, Gerbrandy en zoon Karel |website=Trouw |author=Jan Kuijk en Pieter van der Ven|date=17 December 2003|language=nl|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Johan Rudolf Thorbecke]] (1798–1872), [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] (1849 - 1853, 1862 - 1866, 1871 - 1872)<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Thorbecke,_Jan_Rudolf |volume= 26 |short=x}}</ref>
;Sports
* [[Jeroen Dubbeldam]] (born 1973), [[Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Olympic Equestrian champion]]
* [[Marten Eikelboom]] (born 1973), [[field hockey|hockey]] player
* [[Maarten Grobbe]] (1901–1961), football player
* [[Martin Haar]] (born 1952), former football defender and current trainer
* [[Rinus Israël]] (born 1942), former football player and current scout
* [[Ron Jans]] (born 1958), former football player and current [[Head coach|coach]]
* [[Bert Konterman]] (1971), football player
* [[Hennie van Nee]] (1939–1996), football player
* [[Eric Pierik]] (born 1959), [[field hockey]] player
* [[Johnny Rep]] (born 1951), football player
* [[Piet Schrijvers]] (1946–2022), football player
* [[Johannes Smeekens]] (born 1987), Olympic [[speedskater]]
* [[Jaap Stam]] (born 1972), former football player and current coach
* [[Gerrit Voges]] (1932–2007), football player
* [[Peter Wessels]] (born 1978), [[tennis]] player
;Science
* [[Christianus Carolus Henricus van der Aa]] (1718–1793), Secretary of the Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities
* [[Thomas Joannes Stieltjes]] (1856–1894), mathematician, civil engineer and politician
* [[Derk-Jan Dijk]] (Born 1958), Researcher of sleep and circadian rhythms
== Educational institutions ==
Zwolle is home to several universities and colleges:
* [[Artez]]
* [[Christelijke Hogeschool Windesheim]]
* {{ill|Deltion College Zwolle|nl}}
* {{ill|Hogeschool Zwolle|nl}}
* [[Landstede Zwolle]]
* {{ill|Cibap Zwolle|nl}}
* {{ill|Groene Welle Zwolle|nl}}
* {{ill|Hogeschool viaa|nl}}
* {{ill|Thorbecke Scholengemeenschap|nl}}
* [[Windesheim Honours College]]
==Transport==
[[File:4011 en 4012 in Zwolle.JPG|thumb|Zwolle railway station with [[NS Intercity Materieel|ICMm]] train]]
===Road transport===
Zwolle is a hub in the national highway network, and gateway to northern Netherlands. This is reflected in the high traffic volumes in and around the city. The [[A28 motorway (Netherlands)|A28]] serves Zwolle with 4 exits, and runs from [[Utrecht]] to [[Groningen]]. It is being widened to 8 lanes across the [[IJssel River]] and 6 lanes from Zwolle to Meppel in 2010 and 2011. The motorway initially opened between 1964 and 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/dos/dosA28.htm|title=completion dates A28 at autosnelwegen.nl}}</ref> Another motorway, the [[A50 motorway (Netherlands)|A50]], interchanges with A28 just west of the city, offering a route for southbound traffic to [[Apeldoorn]] and [[Eindhoven]].
The [[Provincial road N35 (Netherlands)|N35]] highway starts in Zwolle, where it forms the eastern section of the ring road of Zwolle, it runs as a non-motorway to [[Almelo]] and continues to [[Enschede]] as [[A35 motorway (Netherlands)|A35 motorway]]. The ringroad is mainly a 4-lane road, with numerous traffic lights. It forms a full ring, and also exists out of the [[Provincial road N337 (Netherlands)|N337]] highway that runs to [[Deventer]]. Other sections of the ring road are not numbered. Parts of the ring road were widened to six lanes in 2010. Other numbered highways running from Zwolle are [[Provincial road N331 (Netherlands)|N331]] to [[Hasselt, Overijssel|Hasselt]], [[Provincial road N758 (Netherlands)|N758]] to [[Nieuwleusen]], [[Provincial road N340 (Netherlands)|N340]] to [[Ommen]] and [[Provincial road N764 (Netherlands)|N764]] to [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]].
===Bridges===
Due to nearby rivers, there are several major bridges in and around Zwolle. The most important bridge is the IJssel Bridge where the A28 motorway runs across. It was completed in 1970 and carries over 125.000 vehicles per day. Adjacent to this bridge is the older IJssel Bridge, which opened in 1930 and was destroyed twice during [[World War II]]. A third IJssel Bridge is the railway bridge (called Hanze boog) which carries the railway line from Zwolle to [[Amersfoort]], and from 2012, to [[Lelystad]]. There are several bridges across the [[Zwarte Water]] River, including two 4-lane bridges, a 2-lane bridge, and a bus/bicycle bridge. There is also a bridge across the [[Vecht (Overijssel)|Vecht]], which carries A28 motorway. Another local bridge is adjacent to this bridge. A third bridge carries rail traffic to [[Leeuwarden]] and [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]]. Numerous local bridges exist around the historic city center.
===Rail transport===
* [[Zwolle railway station]]
The first train in Zwolle arrived on 6 June 1864. Today the city has [[railroad|rail connections]] in eight directions (viz. [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]], [[Leeuwarden]], [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], [[Emmen, Netherlands|Emmen]], [[Enschede]], [[Arnhem]]/[[Nijmegen]], [[Lelystad]]/[[Amsterdam]], and [[Amersfoort]]).
The [[railroad|rail connection]] with [[Amsterdam]] via [[Lelystad]] – the [[Hanzelijn]] – is operational since December 2012.
The second station, [[Zwolle Stadshagen railway station|Zwolle Stadshagen]], was opened on 15 December 2019.
===Water transport===
Zwolle is located on or near three rivers ([[Zwarte Water]], [[Vecht (Overijssel)|Vecht]], and [[IJssel]]), several [[canal]]s (the now disused Willemsvaart, Nieuwe Vecht and Overijssels Kanaal and the modern Zwolle-IJssel Kanaal). There are some water-related industries in Zwolle, mainly in the Voorst industrial area.
==International relations==
{{Main article|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands}}
===Twin towns—sister cities===
Zwolle is currently [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Lünen]], Germany
In the past, Zwolle had partnerships with:{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Érsekhalma]], Hungary
* {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rutobwe]], Rwanda
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Vologda]], Russia
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kaliningrad]], Russia
There is also a small rural town in the U.S. State of [[Louisiana]] named after [[Zwolle, Louisiana|Zwolle]]. The two cities maintain close informal ties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-14 |title=Going Dutch - in Zwolle, Louisiana |url=https://www.natashasanchezcreates.com/blog/2014/06/going-dutch-in-zwolle-louisiana.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Natasha Sanchez |language=en-US}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Literature===
*{{cite book |last1=Lourens |first1=Piet |last2=Lucassen |first2=Jan |title=Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800 |year=1997 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=NEHA |isbn=9057420082 }}
==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Zwolle}}
*{{wikivoyage inline|Zwolle}}
*[http://www.zwolle.nl Official website]
<!--Please note that not all directions need to be filled-->
<!--Please note that preferably only neighboring municipalities or bodies of water should be used-->
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Zwolle
|North = [[Zwartewaterland]]
|Northeast = [[Staphorst]]
|East = [[Dalfsen]]
|Southeast = [[Raalte]]
|South = [[Heerde]]{{space}}([[Gelderland|GE]]), [[Olst-Wijhe]]
|Southwest = [[Hattem]]{{space}}([[Gelderland|GE]])
|West = [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]]
}}
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Overijssel Province}}
{{Dutch capital cities}}
{{Dutch municipality Zwolle}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Zwolle| ]]
[[Category:Cities in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Overijssel]]
[[Category:Populated places in Overijssel]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Salland]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Other places}}
{{distinguish|Zvolen|Zwolen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptioans -->
<!-- Name and transliteration -->| name = Zwolle
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in the Netherlands by province|City]] and [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]]
<!-- Images, nickname, motto -->| image_alt =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 2/1/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sassenstraat 1-15, Zwolle.jpg
| alt1 = Sassenstraat
| caption1 = Sassenstraat
| image2 = Diezerstraat - Grote Markt, Zwolle - BB - 1.jpg
| alt2 = Grote Markt
| caption2 = Grote Markt
| image3 = Museum de Fundatie Panorama.png
| alt3 = Museum de Fundatie
| caption3 = [[Museum de Fundatie]]
| image4 = Luttekestraat 12-16, Zwolle - BB.jpg
| alt4 = Luttekestraat
| caption4 = Luttekestraat
| image5 = City Centre, 8011 Zwolle, Netherlands - panoramio (12).jpg
| alt5 = Binnenstad
| caption5 = Binnenstad
}}
| image_flag = Flag_of_Zwolle.svg
| flag_size = 100x67px
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Zwolle wapen HRvA.svg
| shield_size = 100x80px
| shield_alt = <!-- Maps, coordinates -->
| image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0193 (2009).svg
| map_alt = Highlighted position of Zwolle in a municipal map of Overijssel
| map_caption = Location in Overijssel
| pushpin_map = Netherlands#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Netherlands##Location within Europe
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|52|31|N|6|6|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Overijssel]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web
|url = https://www.zwolle.nl/bestuur/college-burgemeester-en-wethouders/samenstelling-college/peter-snijders
|title = Portefeuille burgemeester Peter Snijders
|trans-title = Tasks of mayor Peter Snijders
|language = nl
|publisher = Gemeente Zwolle
|access-date = 6 October 2019
|archive-date = 6 October 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191006152741/https://www.zwolle.nl/bestuur/college-burgemeester-en-wethouders/samenstelling-college/peter-snijders
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]]
| leader_party = [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]]
| leader_title = [[Burgomaster|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Peter Snijders
<!-- Geographic information -->| total_type = Municipality<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| unit_pref = Metric
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref>
<!-- square kilometers -->| area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Zwolle}}
| area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Zwolle}}
| area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Zwolle}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool
|title = Postcodetool for 8011PK
|language = nl
|author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
|work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland
|publisher = Het Waterschapshuis
|access-date = 25 March 2014}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 4
| elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, demographics -->
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|dataref}}</ref>
| population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Zwolle}}
| population_as_of = Municipality, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}; Urban and Metro, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbaseyear}}}}
| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Zwolle}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto-->
| population_urban = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Zwolle Urban}}
| population_metro = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Zwolle Metro}}
| population_demonym = Zwollenaar
<!-- Other information -->| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]]
| postal_code = 8000–8049
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]]
| area_code = 038
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.zwolle.nl}}
| module = {{infobox mapframe|zoom=5}}
| footnotes = Click on the map for a fullscreen view
}}
'''Zwolle''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈzʋɔlə|lang|Nl-Zwolle.ogg}}) is a [[List of cities in the Netherlands by province|city]] and [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] in the Northeastern [[Netherlands]]. It is the [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Provinces of the Netherlands|province]] of [[Overijssel]] and the province's second-largest municipality, after [[Enschede]], and has a population of 132.441 as of December 2023. Zwolle borders the province of [[Gelderland]] and lies on the eastern side of the River [[IJssel]].
== History ==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population
|align = left
|cols =
|pop_name =
|percentages = pagr
|footnote =
|source = {{Harvnb|Lourens|Lucassen|1997|pp=83–84}}
|1404|3500
|1525|4500
|1599|6500
|1628|7700
|1670|10932
|1675|6963
|1680|9388
|1682|7800
|1748|11931
|1795|12220
}}
[[Archeology|Archaeological]] findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A [[Henge|woodhenge]] that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the [[Bronze Age]] period.<ref>Theo Holleman (1996), ''Een verleden op de schop'', University Press, Amsterdam, {ddet är böganas fel{ISBN|90-5356-189-7}}</ref><ref>Hove, ten J. (2005). ''Geschiedenis van Zwolle'' Zwolle: Waanders. {{ISBN|90-400-9050-5}}</ref> During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by [[Salian Franks]].
The modern city was founded around 800 CE by [[Frisians|Frisian]] merchants and troops of [[Charlemagne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm|title=Het begin|access-date=17 March 2007|author=F.C. Berkenvelder|year=1980|work=Zwolle 750 jaar stad|publisher=[[Waanders]]|language=nl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816060611/http://www.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm|archive-date=16 August 2006}}</ref> Previous spellings of its name include the identically pronounced ''Suolle'', which means "hill" (cf. the English [[cognate]] [[verb]] "to swell"). This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, [[IJssel]], [[Vecht (Overijssel)|Vecht]], Aa and [[Zwarte Water]]. The hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline.
{{anchor|Saint Michael|Saint Michael Church|St. Michael|St. Michael Church}}
A document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to [[Michael (archangel)|St Michael]]. That church, the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), was renovated in the first half of the 15th century and exists to this day. The church contains a richly carved [[pulpit]], the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch (about 1620), some good carving, and an exquisite [[Organ (instrument)|Baroque organ]] from 1721 designed by master organ builder [[Arp Schnitger]] and completed by his sons Franz Caspar and Johann Georg.
On 31 August 1230, the bishop of [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Utrecht]] granted Zwolle [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]]. Zwolle became a member of the [[Hanseatic league]] in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and [[Valdemar IV of Denmark]]. In the 1370 [[Treaty of Stralsund (1370)|Treaty of Stralsund]] that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a ''vitte'', a trade colony, in [[Scania]], then part of [[Denmark]]. Zwolle's golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450, the city's [[Gross Regional Product]] multiplied by about six.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm|title=De handel en de Hanze|access-date=17 March 2007|author=F.C. Berkenvelder|year=1980|work=Zwolle 750 jaar stad|publisher=[[Waanders]]|language=nl|quote=De stedelijke geldmiddelen, het nationaal inkomen zouden wij nu zeggen, die in 1402 nog 6.000 gulden bedroegen waren in 1450 bijna verzesvoudigd tot 34.000 gulden. (Translated: The city's financial resources, the national income as we would now call it, which were 6,000 guilders in 1402, had by 1450 multiplied by six to 34,000 guilders.)|archive-date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523153738/http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In July 1324 and October 1361, regional [[nobleman|noblemen]] set fire to Zwolle. In the 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames.<ref>{{cite news |title = Zwolle op keerpunt van bestaan |language = nl |publisher = [[De Stentor]] |date = 2 March 2005 }}</ref>
[[File:Blaeu 1652 - Zwolle.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Zwolle by [[Joan Blaeu]] in Blaeu's "Toonneel der Steden", 1652]]
Zwolle was also, with [[Deventer]], one of the centers of the [[Brethren of the Common Life]], a [[monastic]] movement. {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} from Zwolle, on a slight eminence called the Agnietenberg, (hill of St Agnes), once stood the Augustinian convent in which [[Thomas à Kempis]] spent the greatest part of his life and died (in 1471).<ref name="EB1911"/>
At least as early as 1911, Zwolle had a considerable trade by river, a large fish market, and the most important cattle market in the Netherlands after [[Rotterdam]]. The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, and salt-making.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Zwolle |volume=28 |page=1064}}</ref>
[[Image:Front of De Librije.jpg|thumb|left|[[De Librije]]]]
In [[World War II]], Zwolle was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by French-Canadian soldier [[Léo Major]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Major|title = Léo Major | Canadian soldier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFf1UfVa8Lc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/eFf1UfVa8Lc| archive-date=2021-11-13 | url-status=live|title = The One-Eyed Scout Who Liberated a Whole Town By Himself by Simple History|website = [[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was made an [[Honorary citizenship|honorary citizen]] of Zwolle on 14 April 2005, the 60th [[anniversary]] of his liberating of the city. He also has a street named after him, Leo Majorlaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada Remembers Times Veterans' Week Special Edition |url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/classroom/canada-remembers-times/2020/page2 |website=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=24 August 2020 |access-date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/ |title=Visit Zwolle: Home of the Bluefingers and a French-Canadian Hero |last=Goyjer |first=Jim |date=2 October 2020 |website=Dutch Review |publisher= |access-date=24 August 2021 |quote= |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824034201/https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/leo-major-the-unstoppable.html |title=A Mad Major: The Canadian Hero Who Captured A City |last=Moncure |first=Billy |date=11 March 2019 |website=War History Online |publisher= |access-date=24 August 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
===21st century===
In 2004, Zwolle's [[De Librije]] restaurant was honored with 3 stars by [[Michelin Guide]]; as of 2018, it is one of only three restaurants so honored in the entire country.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
In 2023, [[Tewelde Goitom]], an Eritrean convicted in Ethiopia of migrant smuggling, kidnapping in Sinai and human trafficking appeared at a pretrial hearing in Zwolle, which made international headlines.<ref name="us">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-10 |title=Alleged Eritrean People Smuggler Appears in Dutch Court}}</ref>
===Blauwvingers===
Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as ''Blauwvingers'' (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to be gay sell the [[church bell]]s to neighbouring city [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]]. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four [[duit|''duiten'']] (the equivalent of two-and-a-half [[Dutch guilder|cents]]). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boxma|first=Willem|year=2001|title=Steuren, blauwvingers, kwekweschudders en tukkers. Schimpnamen in Overijssel|journal=Traditie. Tijdschrift over Tradities en Trends.|volume=2|pages=26–27|issn=1382-4104|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |title=In welke stad wonen de blauwvingers? |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur]] |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |archive-date=11 January 2006 }}</ref>
In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems 911 is made by osama bin ladin from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-08 |title=De Blauwvingers van Zwolle |url=https://historiek.net/de-blauwvingers-van-zwolle/143987/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Historiek |language=nl-NL}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Geography==
[[File:Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Dutch Topographic map of the city of Zwolle, september 2022]]
Besides the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), the latter which houses a majestic [[Baroque]] organ built by [[Arp Schnitger]], there are several other historic monuments in Zwolle. The Roman Catholic ''Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming''-[[basilica]] (Our Lady of the Assumption) dates back to 1399. The church tower, called ''[[Peperbus (Zwolle)|Peperbus]]'' (pepperpot), is one of the tallest and most famous church towers in the Netherlands. The modernized [[town hall]] was originally built in 1448.<ref name="EB1911"/>
Mention should also be made of the ''Sassenpoort'' (one of the old city gates), the city walls, the ''Mosterdmakerstoren'' (''mustard makers' tower'') (the complex where local mustard used to be made), a guild-house (1571), the former provincial government offices, a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monastery, and on the Melkmarkt, two museums; the [[Stedelijk Museum Zwolle]] of antiquities and natural history, and the [[Vrouwenhuis, Zwolle|Vrouwenhuis]]. [[Museum de Fundatie]], the fine art museum of the province of Overijssel, is hosted in the former Justice Hall on Blijmarkt Square.
In the western part of the city, west of the railway station, there is a quarter of [[Art Nouveau]] buildings, concentrated mostly on Koningin Wilhelminastraat, Prinses Julianastraat, and Prins Hendrikstraat. These three-store living houses were built in 1900s by various Dutch architects. Eleven of the buildings are protected by the Dutch government ([[rijksmonument]]en).
The ''Broerenkerk'' church was part of the [[Dominican order|Dominican monastery]] founded in 1465. The monastery was closed in 1580 and the monks were expelled. From 1640 until 1982 the church was used for Protestant services. After a restoration in 1983–1988 it has been used for cultural events and it is now a bookstore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archimon.nl/overijssel/zwollebroerenkerk.html |title=Zwolle (Ov): Broerenkerk |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=archimon.nl |access-date=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rickscholten.nl/page.php?id=3 |title=Waanders in the Broerenkerk |last1=Scholten |first1=Rick |access-date=10 August 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===Image gallery===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Thorbeckegracht en Wijndragerstoren Zwolle Overijssel.jpg|Thorbeckegracht and Wijndragerstoren
File:Peperbus, Eekwal.jpg|Peperbus from the Eekwal. The house in front really ''is'' that crooked.
File:Zwolle, Praubstraat.jpg|Praubstraat, inner city
File:Zwolle Sassenpoort.jpg|Sassenpoort
File:Thorbeckewal en Thorbeckegracht Zwolle Overijssel.jpg|Thorbeckewal and Vispoortbridge
File:Zwolle, Rijke Fratershuis.jpg|The ''Rich Friar House'' a center of the ''[[Devotio Moderna]]'' and later the home of Willem Bartjens
File:Zicht op Zwolle Centrum.jpg|View of Zwolle city centre
File:Organ in Broerenkerk, Zwolle, 2013.jpg|The organ in Broerenkerk
File:Herman Brood Museum & Experience Zwolle Overijssel.jpg|[[Herman Brood]] Museum & Experience
File:Zwolle Prins Hendrikstraat Gate.jpg|The Art Nouveau gate at Prins Hendrikstraat 1-3-5. 1902, architect Geurt Gijsbertus Post
File:Zwolle, fontein in Stadsgracht bij Museum de Fundatie foto4 2016-06-05 10.03.jpg|Fountain near Museum de Fundatie
</gallery>
==Notable residents==
:''See also [[:Category:People from Zwolle|People from Zwolle]]''
;Arts, culture, entertainment and the media
* [[Willem Victor Bartholomeus]] (1825–1892), organist and conductor
* [[Hein Boele]] (born 1939), actor, Dutch voice of [[Elmo]]
* [[Jonnie Boer]] (born 1965), chef with three Michelin stars
* [[Gerard ter Borch]] (1617–1681), painter<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ter_Borch,_Gerard |volume= 26 |short=x}}</ref>
* [[Gerard ter Borch the Elder]] (1583–1662), painter
* [[Moses ter Borch]] (1645–1667), painter
* [[Tooske Breugem]] (born 1974), television host actress
* [[Herman Brood]] (1946–2001), painter/rock star
* [[Funda Eryiğit]] (born 1984), Turkish actress
* [[Willem Grasdorp]] (1678–1723), painter
* [[Aleida Greve]] (1670–1742), painter
* [[Anna Cornelia Holt]] (1671–1692), painter
* [[Sophia Holt]] (1658–1734), painter
* [[Antonina Houbraken]] (1686–1736), draughtswoman
* [[Marnix Kappers]] (1943–2016), actor
* [[Thomas à Kempis]] ({{Circa|1380}}–1471), canon and mystic
* [[Master I. A. M. of Zwolle]] ({{Circa|1440}}–1490), engraver
* [[Ton Koopman]] (born 1944), a conductor, organist, and harpsichordist
* [[Yuri Landman]] (born 1973), experimental musical instrument builder, comic book artist
* [[Cornelia van Marle]] (1661–1698), painter
* [[Michael Minsky]] (1918–1988), singer and conductor
* [[Leonard van Munster]] (born 1972), artist
* [[Opgezwolle]] (since 2001), rap crew
* [[Jan Vayne]] (Jan Veenje) (born 1966), pianist
* [[Charlotte Wessels]] (born 1987), former singer for [[Delain]]
* [[Aleijda Wolfsen]] (1648–1692), painter
;Authors
* [[Eef Brouwers]] (1939–2018), journalist and former head of the [[Netherlands Government Information Service]]
* [[A. den Doolaard]] (1901–1994), author
* [[Rhijnvis Feith]] (1753–1824), author
* [[Everhardus Johannes Potgieter]] (1808–1875), author
;Business
* [[Willem Jan van Dedem]] (1776–1851), landowner and founder of the canal and town of Dedemsvaart<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wieiswieinoverijssel.nl/zoekresultaten/p2/459-willem-jan-baron-van-dedem |title=Willem Jan baron van Dedem (1776-1851) |website=Wie is wie in Overijssel |access-date=14 March 2022 |language=nl}}</ref>
;Religion
* [[Johannes Busch]] (1399–{{Circa|1480}}), church reformer and provost of the Augustinian monastic order
* [[Andreas Ignatius Schaepman]] (1815–1882), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Archbishop of Utrecht]]
* [[Alanus de Rupe]] (1428–1475), Roman Catholic theologian and Dominican promotor of the [[rosary]]
;Politics
* [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]] (born 1937), former [[Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands)|Minister of Economic Affairs]]
* [[Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol]] (1741–1784), role in the [[Batavian Republic]]
* [[Wybo Fijnje]] (1750–1809), Mennonite minister, publisher, exile, coup perpetrator, politician
* [[Willem Johan Lucas Grobbée]] (1822–1907), [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Minister of Finance]] from 1883 to 1885
* [[Johannes van Heerdt tot Eversberg]] (1829–1893), former governor of Suriname and Curaçao<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vg09lmg9siq6 |title=J.H.A.W. baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg |website=Dutch Parliament|access-date=11 February 2022|language=nl}}</ref>
* [[Piet Kasteel]] (1901–2003), ambassador and former governor of Curaçao<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/leven-met-kuyper-gerbrandy-en-zoon-karel~b8682ebb/ |title=Leven met Kuyper, Gerbrandy en zoon Karel |website=Trouw |author=Jan Kuijk en Pieter van der Ven|date=17 December 2003|language=nl|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Johan Rudolf Thorbecke]] (1798–1872), [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] (1849 - 1853, 1862 - 1866, 1871 - 1872)<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Thorbecke,_Jan_Rudolf |volume= 26 |short=x}}</ref>
;Sports
* [[Jeroen Dubbeldam]] (born 1973), [[Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Olympic Equestrian champion]]
* [[Marten Eikelboom]] (born 1973), [[field hockey|hockey]] player
* [[Maarten Grobbe]] (1901–1961), football player
* [[Martin Haar]] (born 1952), former football defender and current trainer
* [[Rinus Israël]] (born 1942), former football player and current scout
* [[Ron Jans]] (born 1958), former football player and current [[Head coach|coach]]
* [[Bert Konterman]] (1971), football player
* [[Hennie van Nee]] (1939–1996), football player
* [[Eric Pierik]] (born 1959), [[field hockey]] player
* [[Johnny Rep]] (born 1951), football player
* [[Piet Schrijvers]] (1946–2022), football player
* [[Johannes Smeekens]] (born 1987), Olympic [[speedskater]]
* [[Jaap Stam]] (born 1972), former football player and current coach
* [[Gerrit Voges]] (1932–2007), football player
* [[Peter Wessels]] (born 1978), [[tennis]] player
;Science
* [[Christianus Carolus Henricus van der Aa]] (1718–1793), Secretary of the Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities
* [[Thomas Joannes Stieltjes]] (1856–1894), mathematician, civil engineer and politician
* [[Derk-Jan Dijk]] (Born 1958), Researcher of sleep and circadian rhythms
== Educational institutions ==
Zwolle is home to several universities and colleges:
* [[Artez]]
* [[Christelijke Hogeschool Windesheim]]
* {{ill|Deltion College Zwolle|nl}}
* {{ill|Hogeschool Zwolle|nl}}
* [[Landstede Zwolle]]
* {{ill|Cibap Zwolle|nl}}
* {{ill|Groene Welle Zwolle|nl}}
* {{ill|Hogeschool viaa|nl}}
* {{ill|Thorbecke Scholengemeenschap|nl}}
* [[Windesheim Honours College]]
==Transport==
[[File:4011 en 4012 in Zwolle.JPG|thumb|Zwolle railway station with [[NS Intercity Materieel|ICMm]] train]]
===Road transport===
Zwolle is a hub in the national highway network, and gateway to northern Netherlands. This is reflected in the high traffic volumes in and around the city. The [[A28 motorway (Netherlands)|A28]] serves Zwolle with 4 exits, and runs from [[Utrecht]] to [[Groningen]]. It is being widened to 8 lanes across the [[IJssel River]] and 6 lanes from Zwolle to Meppel in 2010 and 2011. The motorway initially opened between 1964 and 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/dos/dosA28.htm|title=completion dates A28 at autosnelwegen.nl}}</ref> Another motorway, the [[A50 motorway (Netherlands)|A50]], interchanges with A28 just west of the city, offering a route for southbound traffic to [[Apeldoorn]] and [[Eindhoven]].
The [[Provincial road N35 (Netherlands)|N35]] highway starts in Zwolle, where it forms the eastern section of the ring road of Zwolle, it runs as a non-motorway to [[Almelo]] and continues to [[Enschede]] as [[A35 motorway (Netherlands)|A35 motorway]]. The ringroad is mainly a 4-lane road, with numerous traffic lights. It forms a full ring, and also exists out of the [[Provincial road N337 (Netherlands)|N337]] highway that runs to [[Deventer]]. Other sections of the ring road are not numbered. Parts of the ring road were widened to six lanes in 2010. Other numbered highways running from Zwolle are [[Provincial road N331 (Netherlands)|N331]] to [[Hasselt, Overijssel|Hasselt]], [[Provincial road N758 (Netherlands)|N758]] to [[Nieuwleusen]], [[Provincial road N340 (Netherlands)|N340]] to [[Ommen]] and [[Provincial road N764 (Netherlands)|N764]] to [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]].
===Bridges===
Due to nearby rivers, there are several major bridges in and around Zwolle. The most important bridge is the IJssel Bridge where the A28 motorway runs across. It was completed in 1970 and carries over 125.000 vehicles per day. Adjacent to this bridge is the older IJssel Bridge, which opened in 1930 and was destroyed twice during [[World War II]]. A third IJssel Bridge is the railway bridge (called Hanze boog) which carries the railway line from Zwolle to [[Amersfoort]], and from 2012, to [[Lelystad]]. There are several bridges across the [[Zwarte Water]] River, including two 4-lane bridges, a 2-lane bridge, and a bus/bicycle bridge. There is also a bridge across the [[Vecht (Overijssel)|Vecht]], which carries A28 motorway. Another local bridge is adjacent to this bridge. A third bridge carries rail traffic to [[Leeuwarden]] and [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]]. Numerous local bridges exist around the historic city center.
===Rail transport===
* [[Zwolle railway station]]
The first train in Zwolle arrived on 6 June 1864. Today the city has [[railroad|rail connections]] in eight directions (viz. [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]], [[Leeuwarden]], [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], [[Emmen, Netherlands|Emmen]], [[Enschede]], [[Arnhem]]/[[Nijmegen]], [[Lelystad]]/[[Amsterdam]], and [[Amersfoort]]).
The [[railroad|rail connection]] with [[Amsterdam]] via [[Lelystad]] – the [[Hanzelijn]] – is operational since December 2012.
The second station, [[Zwolle Stadshagen railway station|Zwolle Stadshagen]], was opened on 15 December 2019.
===Water transport===
Zwolle is located on or near three rivers ([[Zwarte Water]], [[Vecht (Overijssel)|Vecht]], and [[IJssel]]), several [[canal]]s (the now disused Willemsvaart, Nieuwe Vecht and Overijssels Kanaal and the modern Zwolle-IJssel Kanaal). There are some water-related industries in Zwolle, mainly in the Voorst industrial area.
==International relations==
{{Main article|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands}}
===Twin towns—sister cities===
Zwolle is currently [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Lünen]], Germany
In the past, Zwolle had partnerships with:{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Érsekhalma]], Hungary
* {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rutobwe]], Rwanda
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Vologda]], Russia
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kaliningrad]], Russia
There is also a small rural town in the U.S. State of [[Louisiana]] named after [[Zwolle, Louisiana|Zwolle]]. The two cities maintain close informal ties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-14 |title=Going Dutch - in Zwolle, Louisiana |url=https://www.natashasanchezcreates.com/blog/2014/06/going-dutch-in-zwolle-louisiana.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Natasha Sanchez |language=en-US}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Literature===
*{{cite book |last1=Lourens |first1=Piet |last2=Lucassen |first2=Jan |title=Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800 |year=1997 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=NEHA |isbn=9057420082 }}
==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Zwolle}}
*{{wikivoyage inline|Zwolle}}
*[http://www.zwolle.nl Official website]
<!--Please note that not all directions need to be filled-->
<!--Please note that preferably only neighboring municipalities or bodies of water should be used-->
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Zwolle
|North = [[Zwartewaterland]]
|Northeast = [[Staphorst]]
|East = [[Dalfsen]]
|Southeast = [[Raalte]]
|South = [[Heerde]]{{space}}([[Gelderland|GE]]), [[Olst-Wijhe]]
|Southwest = [[Hattem]]{{space}}([[Gelderland|GE]])
|West = [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]]
}}
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Overijssel Province}}
{{Dutch capital cities}}
{{Dutch municipality Zwolle}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Zwolle| ]]
[[Category:Cities in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Overijssel]]
[[Category:Populated places in Overijssel]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Salland]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -123,5 +123,5 @@
|1795|12220
}}
-[[Archeology|Archaeological]] findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A [[Henge|woodhenge]] that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the [[Bronze Age]] period.<ref>Theo Holleman (1996), ''Een verleden op de schop'', University Press, Amsterdam, {{ISBN|90-5356-189-7}}</ref><ref>Hove, ten J. (2005). ''Geschiedenis van Zwolle'' Zwolle: Waanders. {{ISBN|90-400-9050-5}}</ref> During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by [[Salian Franks]].
+[[Archeology|Archaeological]] findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A [[Henge|woodhenge]] that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the [[Bronze Age]] period.<ref>Theo Holleman (1996), ''Een verleden op de schop'', University Press, Amsterdam, {ddet är böganas fel{ISBN|90-5356-189-7}}</ref><ref>Hove, ten J. (2005). ''Geschiedenis van Zwolle'' Zwolle: Waanders. {{ISBN|90-400-9050-5}}</ref> During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by [[Salian Franks]].
The modern city was founded around 800 CE by [[Frisians|Frisian]] merchants and troops of [[Charlemagne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm|title=Het begin|access-date=17 March 2007|author=F.C. Berkenvelder|year=1980|work=Zwolle 750 jaar stad|publisher=[[Waanders]]|language=nl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816060611/http://www.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm|archive-date=16 August 2006}}</ref> Previous spellings of its name include the identically pronounced ''Suolle'', which means "hill" (cf. the English [[cognate]] [[verb]] "to swell"). This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, [[IJssel]], [[Vecht (Overijssel)|Vecht]], Aa and [[Zwarte Water]]. The hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline.
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
===Blauwvingers===
-Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as ''Blauwvingers'' (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell the [[church bell]]s to neighbouring city [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]]. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four [[duit|''duiten'']] (the equivalent of two-and-a-half [[Dutch guilder|cents]]). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boxma|first=Willem|year=2001|title=Steuren, blauwvingers, kwekweschudders en tukkers. Schimpnamen in Overijssel|journal=Traditie. Tijdschrift over Tradities en Trends.|volume=2|pages=26–27|issn=1382-4104|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |title=In welke stad wonen de blauwvingers? |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur]] |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |archive-date=11 January 2006 }}</ref>
+Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as ''Blauwvingers'' (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to be gay sell the [[church bell]]s to neighbouring city [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]]. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four [[duit|''duiten'']] (the equivalent of two-and-a-half [[Dutch guilder|cents]]). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boxma|first=Willem|year=2001|title=Steuren, blauwvingers, kwekweschudders en tukkers. Schimpnamen in Overijssel|journal=Traditie. Tijdschrift over Tradities en Trends.|volume=2|pages=26–27|issn=1382-4104|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |title=In welke stad wonen de blauwvingers? |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur]] |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |archive-date=11 January 2006 }}</ref>
-In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke.
+In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems 911 is made by osama bin ladin from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-08 |title=De Blauwvingers van Zwolle |url=https://historiek.net/de-blauwvingers-van-zwolle/143987/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Historiek |language=nl-NL}}</ref>
' |
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Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '[[Archeology|Archaeological]] findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A [[Henge|woodhenge]] that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the [[Bronze Age]] period.<ref>Theo Holleman (1996), ''Een verleden op de schop'', University Press, Amsterdam, {ddet är böganas fel{ISBN|90-5356-189-7}}</ref><ref>Hove, ten J. (2005). ''Geschiedenis van Zwolle'' Zwolle: Waanders. {{ISBN|90-400-9050-5}}</ref> During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by [[Salian Franks]].',
1 => 'Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as ''Blauwvingers'' (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to be gay sell the [[church bell]]s to neighbouring city [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]]. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four [[duit|''duiten'']] (the equivalent of two-and-a-half [[Dutch guilder|cents]]). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boxma|first=Willem|year=2001|title=Steuren, blauwvingers, kwekweschudders en tukkers. Schimpnamen in Overijssel|journal=Traditie. Tijdschrift over Tradities en Trends.|volume=2|pages=26–27|issn=1382-4104|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |title=In welke stad wonen de blauwvingers? |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur]] |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |archive-date=11 January 2006 }}</ref>',
2 => 'In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems 911 is made by osama bin ladin from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '[[Archeology|Archaeological]] findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A [[Henge|woodhenge]] that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the [[Bronze Age]] period.<ref>Theo Holleman (1996), ''Een verleden op de schop'', University Press, Amsterdam, {{ISBN|90-5356-189-7}}</ref><ref>Hove, ten J. (2005). ''Geschiedenis van Zwolle'' Zwolle: Waanders. {{ISBN|90-400-9050-5}}</ref> During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by [[Salian Franks]].',
1 => 'Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as ''Blauwvingers'' (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell the [[church bell]]s to neighbouring city [[Kampen, Overijssel|Kampen]]. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four [[duit|''duiten'']] (the equivalent of two-and-a-half [[Dutch guilder|cents]]). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boxma|first=Willem|year=2001|title=Steuren, blauwvingers, kwekweschudders en tukkers. Schimpnamen in Overijssel|journal=Traditie. Tijdschrift over Tradities en Trends.|volume=2|pages=26–27|issn=1382-4104|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |title=In welke stad wonen de blauwvingers? |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur]] |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142 |archive-date=11 January 2006 }}</ref>',
2 => 'In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
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4 => 'https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84799NED/table?dl=41062',
5 => 'http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool',
6 => 'http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230NED&D1=17-18&D2=57-650&D3=l&LA=EN&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2&VW=T',
7 => 'https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/70072ned/table?ts=1615235479113',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060816060611/http://www.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm',
9 => 'http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm',
10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120523153738/http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm',
11 => 'http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm',
12 => 'https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Major',
13 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFf1UfVa8Lc',
14 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/eFf1UfVa8Lc',
15 => 'https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/classroom/canada-remembers-times/2020/page2',
16 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210824034201/https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/',
17 => 'https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/',
18 => 'https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/leo-major-the-unstoppable.html',
19 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1382-4104',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142',
21 => 'http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142',
22 => 'https://historiek.net/de-blauwvingers-van-zwolle/143987/',
23 => 'http://www.archimon.nl/overijssel/zwollebroerenkerk.html',
24 => 'http://www.rickscholten.nl/page.php?id=3',
25 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ter_Borch,_Gerard',
26 => 'https://www.wieiswieinoverijssel.nl/zoekresultaten/p2/459-willem-jan-baron-van-dedem',
27 => 'https://www.parlement.com/id/vg09lmg9siq6',
28 => 'https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/leven-met-kuyper-gerbrandy-en-zoon-karel~b8682ebb/',
29 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thorbecke,_Jan_Rudolf',
30 => 'http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/dos/dosA28.htm',
31 => 'https://www.natashasanchezcreates.com/blog/2014/06/going-dutch-in-zwolle-louisiana.html',
32 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q793#identifiers',
33 => 'http://www.zwolle.nl/',
34 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/238407495',
35 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119274-6',
36 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564486005171',
37 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81136784',
38 => 'https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000296735&P_CON_LNG=ENG',
39 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge759829&CON_LNG=ENG',
40 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/083e1d3e-0061-49ae-af25-ad4c217a965d'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142',
1 => 'http://www.zwolle.nl/',
2 => 'http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/dos/dosA28.htm',
3 => 'http://www.archimon.nl/overijssel/zwollebroerenkerk.html',
4 => 'http://www.rickscholten.nl/page.php?id=3',
5 => 'http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142',
7 => 'http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230NED&D1=17-18&D2=57-650&D3=l&LA=EN&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2&VW=T',
8 => 'https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Major',
9 => 'https://www.zwolle.nl/bestuur/college-burgemeester-en-wethouders/samenstelling-college/peter-snijders',
10 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ter_Borch,_Gerard',
11 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thorbecke,_Jan_Rudolf',
12 => 'https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84799NED/table?dl=41062',
13 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q793#identifiers',
14 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119274-6',
15 => 'https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000296735&P_CON_LNG=ENG',
16 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/083e1d3e-0061-49ae-af25-ad4c217a965d',
17 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge759829&CON_LNG=ENG',
18 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/238407495',
19 => 'https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/70072ned/table?ts=1615235479113',
20 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFf1UfVa8Lc',
21 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/eFf1UfVa8Lc',
22 => 'https://www.parlement.com/id/vg09lmg9siq6',
23 => 'https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/leven-met-kuyper-gerbrandy-en-zoon-karel~b8682ebb/',
24 => 'https://www.wieiswieinoverijssel.nl/zoekresultaten/p2/459-willem-jan-baron-van-dedem',
25 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1382-4104',
26 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81136784',
27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060816060611/http://www.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm',
28 => 'http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120523153738/http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm',
30 => 'http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm',
31 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zwolle¶ms=52_31_N_6_6_E_region:NL',
32 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zwolle¶ms=52_31_N_6_6_E_region:NL_type:city(129840)',
33 => 'https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/classroom/canada-remembers-times/2020/page2',
34 => 'https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/',
35 => 'https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/leo-major-the-unstoppable.html',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191006152741/https://www.zwolle.nl/bestuur/college-burgemeester-en-wethouders/samenstelling-college/peter-snijders',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210824034201/https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/',
38 => 'https://historiek.net/de-blauwvingers-van-zwolle/143987/',
39 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564486005171',
40 => 'https://www.natashasanchezcreates.com/blog/2014/06/going-dutch-in-zwolle-louisiana.html'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Zwolle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zwolle (disambiguation)">Zwolle (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Zvolen" title="Zvolen">Zvolen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zwolen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwolen">Zwolen</a>.</div>
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</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Overijssel, Netherlands</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Zwolle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sassenstraat_1-15,_Zwolle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sassenstraat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sassenstraat_1-15%2C_Zwolle.jpg/132px-Sassenstraat_1-15%2C_Zwolle.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sassenstraat_1-15%2C_Zwolle.jpg/198px-Sassenstraat_1-15%2C_Zwolle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sassenstraat_1-15%2C_Zwolle.jpg/264px-Sassenstraat_1-15%2C_Zwolle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1375" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Sassenstraat</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diezerstraat_-_Grote_Markt,_Zwolle_-_BB_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grote Markt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diezerstraat_-_Grote_Markt%2C_Zwolle_-_BB_-_1.jpg/132px-Diezerstraat_-_Grote_Markt%2C_Zwolle_-_BB_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diezerstraat_-_Grote_Markt%2C_Zwolle_-_BB_-_1.jpg/198px-Diezerstraat_-_Grote_Markt%2C_Zwolle_-_BB_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diezerstraat_-_Grote_Markt%2C_Zwolle_-_BB_-_1.jpg/264px-Diezerstraat_-_Grote_Markt%2C_Zwolle_-_BB_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1375" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Grote Markt</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_de_Fundatie_Panorama.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Museum de Fundatie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Museum_de_Fundatie_Panorama.png/268px-Museum_de_Fundatie_Panorama.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Museum_de_Fundatie_Panorama.png/402px-Museum_de_Fundatie_Panorama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Museum_de_Fundatie_Panorama.png/536px-Museum_de_Fundatie_Panorama.png 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="914" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Museum_de_Fundatie" title="Museum de Fundatie">Museum de Fundatie</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luttekestraat_12-16,_Zwolle_-_BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Luttekestraat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Luttekestraat_12-16%2C_Zwolle_-_BB.jpg/132px-Luttekestraat_12-16%2C_Zwolle_-_BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Luttekestraat_12-16%2C_Zwolle_-_BB.jpg/198px-Luttekestraat_12-16%2C_Zwolle_-_BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Luttekestraat_12-16%2C_Zwolle_-_BB.jpg/264px-Luttekestraat_12-16%2C_Zwolle_-_BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1375" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Luttekestraat</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Centre,_8011_Zwolle,_Netherlands_-_panoramio_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Binnenstad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/City_Centre%2C_8011_Zwolle%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/132px-City_Centre%2C_8011_Zwolle%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/City_Centre%2C_8011_Zwolle%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/198px-City_Centre%2C_8011_Zwolle%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/City_Centre%2C_8011_Zwolle%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/264px-City_Centre%2C_8011_Zwolle%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1375" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Binnenstad</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output 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<div class="ib-settlement-cols">
<div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zwolle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Zwolle"><img alt="Flag of Zwolle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Zwolle.svg/100px-Flag_of_Zwolle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Zwolle.svg/150px-Flag_of_Zwolle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Zwolle.svg/200px-Flag_of_Zwolle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Zwolle"><img alt="Coat of arms of Zwolle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg/97px-Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg/145px-Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg/193px-Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="851" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0193_(2009).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Overijssel"><img alt="Highlighted position of Zwolle in a municipal map of Overijssel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0193_%282009%29.svg/250px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0193_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0193_%282009%29.svg/375px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0193_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0193_%282009%29.svg/500px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0193_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Overijssel</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219143323">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zwolle is located in Netherlands"><img alt="Zwolle is located in Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.161%;left:68.182%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zwolle"><img alt="Zwolle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>Zwolle</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the Netherlands</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Netherlands</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1219143323"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zwolle is located in Europe"><img alt="Zwolle is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.553%;left:30.941%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zwolle"><img alt="Zwolle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>Zwolle</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zwolle&params=52_31_N_6_6_E_region:NL_type:city(129840)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°6′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.517°N 6.100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.517; 6.100</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-mayor_now_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor_now-1">[1]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">Municipal council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Peter Snijders (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">VVD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data">119.36 km<sup>2</sup> (46.09 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">111.10 km<sup>2</sup> (42.90 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">8.26 km<sup>2</sup> (3.19 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-AHN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHN-3">[3]</a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 m (13 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(Municipality, January 2021; Urban and Metro, May 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data">129,840</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,169/km<sup>2</sup> (3,030/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">123,507</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">181,440</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zwollenaar</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_the_Netherlands" title="Postal codes in the Netherlands">Postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">8000–8049</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone numbers in the Netherlands">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">038</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zwolle.nl">www<wbr />.zwolle<wbr />.nl</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="5" data-overlays="["_ebead2decbd87750706cc6b9daffa3be010750a5"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Zwolle&groups=_ebead2decbd87750706cc6b9daffa3be010750a5" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Zwolle&groups=_ebead2decbd87750706cc6b9daffa3be010750a5 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Zwolle</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈzʋɔlə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos skin-invert"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/94\/Nl-Zwolle.ogg\/Nl-Zwolle.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Zwolle.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Nl-Zwolle.ogg/Nl-Zwolle.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Zwolle.ogg" title="File:Nl-Zwolle.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> in the Northeastern <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a> and the province's second-largest municipality, after <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a>, and has a population of 132.441 as of December 2023. Zwolle borders the province of <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> and lies on the eastern side of the River <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#21st_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">21st century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Blauwvingers"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Blauwvingers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Image_gallery"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Image gallery</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notable_residents"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notable residents</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Educational_institutions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Educational institutions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Road_transport"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Road transport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bridges"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bridges</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Rail_transport"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rail transport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Water_transport"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Water transport</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Twin_towns—sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns—sister cities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="toccolours" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1404</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1525</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.21%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1599</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.50%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1628</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1670</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">10,932</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.84%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1675</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,963</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1680</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,388</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1682</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.85%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1748</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,931</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1795</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,220</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.05%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#CITEREFLourensLucassen1997">Lourens & Lucassen 1997</a>, pp. 83–84</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">Archaeological</a> findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">woodhenge</a> that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a>.
</p><p>The modern city was founded around 800 CE by <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a> merchants and troops of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Previous spellings of its name include the identically pronounced <i>Suolle</i>, which means "hill" (cf. the English <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> "to swell"). This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vecht_(Overijssel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vecht (Overijssel)">Vecht</a>, Aa and <a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Water" title="Zwarte Water">Zwarte Water</a>. The hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline.
</p><p><span class="anchor" id="Saint_Michael"></span><span class="anchor" id="Saint_Michael_Church"></span><span class="anchor" id="St._Michael"></span><span class="anchor" id="St._Michael_Church"></span>
A document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">St Michael</a>. That church, the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), was renovated in the first half of the 15th century and exists to this day. The church contains a richly carved <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a>, the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch (about 1620), some good carving, and an exquisite <a href="/wiki/Organ_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (instrument)">Baroque organ</a> from 1721 designed by master organ builder <a href="/wiki/Arp_Schnitger" title="Arp Schnitger">Arp Schnitger</a> and completed by his sons Franz Caspar and Johann Georg.
</p><p>On 31 August 1230, the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> granted Zwolle <a href="/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="City rights in the Netherlands">city rights</a>. Zwolle became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanseatic league">Hanseatic league</a> in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_IV_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar IV of Denmark">Valdemar IV of Denmark</a>. In the 1370 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1370)">Treaty of Stralsund</a> that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a <i>vitte</i>, a trade colony, in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. Zwolle's golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450, the city's <a href="/wiki/Gross_Regional_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Regional Product">Gross Regional Product</a> multiplied by about six.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 1324 and October 1361, regional <a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">noblemen</a> set fire to Zwolle. In the 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaeu_1652_-_Zwolle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blaeu_1652_-_Zwolle.jpg/220px-Blaeu_1652_-_Zwolle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blaeu_1652_-_Zwolle.jpg/330px-Blaeu_1652_-_Zwolle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blaeu_1652_-_Zwolle.jpg/440px-Blaeu_1652_-_Zwolle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption>Map of Zwolle by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Blaeu" title="Joan Blaeu">Joan Blaeu</a> in Blaeu's "Toonneel der Steden", 1652</figcaption></figure>
<p>Zwolle was also, with <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>, one of the centers of the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> movement. 5 km (3 mi) from Zwolle, on a slight eminence called the Agnietenberg, (hill of St Agnes), once stood the Augustinian convent in which <a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a> spent the greatest part of his life and died (in 1471).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>At least as early as 1911, Zwolle had a considerable trade by river, a large fish market, and the most important cattle market in the Netherlands after <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>. The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, and salt-making.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11">[11]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_of_De_Librije.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Front_of_De_Librije.jpg/220px-Front_of_De_Librije.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Front_of_De_Librije.jpg/330px-Front_of_De_Librije.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Front_of_De_Librije.jpg/440px-Front_of_De_Librije.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_Librije" title="De Librije">De Librije</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Zwolle was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by French-Canadian soldier <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Major" title="Léo Major">Léo Major</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> He was made an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">honorary citizen</a> of Zwolle on 14 April 2005, the 60th <a href="/wiki/Anniversary" title="Anniversary">anniversary</a> of his liberating of the city. He also has a street named after him, Leo Majorlaan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="21st_century">21st century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 2004, Zwolle's <a href="/wiki/De_Librije" title="De Librije">De Librije</a> restaurant was honored with 3 stars by <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a>; as of 2018, it is one of only three restaurants so honored in the entire country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Tewelde_Goitom" title="Tewelde Goitom">Tewelde Goitom</a>, an Eritrean convicted in Ethiopia of migrant smuggling, kidnapping in Sinai and human trafficking appeared at a pretrial hearing in Zwolle, which made international headlines.<sup id="cite_ref-us_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-17">[17]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Blauwvingers">Blauwvingers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blauwvingers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as <i>Blauwvingers</i> (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to be gay sell the <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> to neighbouring city <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a>. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four <a href="/wiki/Duit" title="Duit"><i>duiten</i></a> (the equivalent of two-and-a-half <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">cents</a>). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems 911 is made by osama bin ladin from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke.
<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg/300px-Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg/450px-Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg/600px-Gem-Zwolle-OpenTopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5020" data-file-height="5804" /></a><figcaption>Dutch Topographic map of the city of Zwolle, september 2022</figcaption></figure>
<p>Besides the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), the latter which houses a majestic <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> organ built by <a href="/wiki/Arp_Schnitger" title="Arp Schnitger">Arp Schnitger</a>, there are several other historic monuments in Zwolle. The Roman Catholic <i>Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming</i>-<a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> (Our Lady of the Assumption) dates back to 1399. The church tower, called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peperbus_(Zwolle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peperbus (Zwolle) (page does not exist)">Peperbus</a></i> (pepperpot), is one of the tallest and most famous church towers in the Netherlands. The modernized <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town hall</a> was originally built in 1448.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mention should also be made of the <i>Sassenpoort</i> (one of the old city gates), the city walls, the <i>Mosterdmakerstoren</i> (<i>mustard makers' tower</i>) (the complex where local mustard used to be made), a guild-house (1571), the former provincial government offices, a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> monastery, and on the Melkmarkt, two museums; the <a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum_Zwolle" title="Stedelijk Museum Zwolle">Stedelijk Museum Zwolle</a> of antiquities and natural history, and the <a href="/wiki/Vrouwenhuis,_Zwolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrouwenhuis, Zwolle">Vrouwenhuis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_de_Fundatie" title="Museum de Fundatie">Museum de Fundatie</a>, the fine art museum of the province of Overijssel, is hosted in the former Justice Hall on Blijmarkt Square.
</p><p>In the western part of the city, west of the railway station, there is a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> buildings, concentrated mostly on Koningin Wilhelminastraat, Prinses Julianastraat, and Prins Hendrikstraat. These three-store living houses were built in 1900s by various Dutch architects. Eleven of the buildings are protected by the Dutch government (<a href="/wiki/Rijksmonument" title="Rijksmonument">rijksmonumenten</a>).
</p><p>The <i>Broerenkerk</i> church was part of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican monastery</a> founded in 1465. The monastery was closed in 1580 and the monks were expelled. From 1640 until 1982 the church was used for Protestant services. After a restoration in 1983–1988 it has been used for cultural events and it is now a bookstore.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorbeckegracht_en_Wijndragerstoren_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thorbeckegracht and Wijndragerstoren"><img alt="Thorbeckegracht and Wijndragerstoren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thorbeckegracht_en_Wijndragerstoren_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/271px-Thorbeckegracht_en_Wijndragerstoren_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thorbeckegracht_en_Wijndragerstoren_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/406px-Thorbeckegracht_en_Wijndragerstoren_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thorbeckegracht_en_Wijndragerstoren_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/542px-Thorbeckegracht_en_Wijndragerstoren_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Thorbeckegracht and Wijndragerstoren</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peperbus,_Eekwal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peperbus from the Eekwal. The house in front really is that crooked."><img alt="Peperbus from the Eekwal. The house in front really is that crooked." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peperbus%2C_Eekwal.jpg/117px-Peperbus%2C_Eekwal.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peperbus%2C_Eekwal.jpg/175px-Peperbus%2C_Eekwal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peperbus%2C_Eekwal.jpg/233px-Peperbus%2C_Eekwal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3305" data-file-height="5098" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Peperbus from the Eekwal. The house in front really <i>is</i> that crooked.</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwolle,_Praubstraat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Praubstraat, inner city"><img alt="Praubstraat, inner city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zwolle%2C_Praubstraat.jpg/269px-Zwolle%2C_Praubstraat.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zwolle%2C_Praubstraat.jpg/403px-Zwolle%2C_Praubstraat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zwolle%2C_Praubstraat.jpg/538px-Zwolle%2C_Praubstraat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5110" data-file-height="3423" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Praubstraat, inner city</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwolle_Sassenpoort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sassenpoort"><img alt="Sassenpoort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Zwolle_Sassenpoort.jpg/135px-Zwolle_Sassenpoort.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Zwolle_Sassenpoort.jpg/202px-Zwolle_Sassenpoort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Zwolle_Sassenpoort.jpg/270px-Zwolle_Sassenpoort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Sassenpoort</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorbeckewal_en_Thorbeckegracht_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thorbeckewal and Vispoortbridge"><img alt="Thorbeckewal and Vispoortbridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thorbeckewal_en_Thorbeckegracht_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/271px-Thorbeckewal_en_Thorbeckegracht_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thorbeckewal_en_Thorbeckegracht_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/406px-Thorbeckewal_en_Thorbeckegracht_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thorbeckewal_en_Thorbeckegracht_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/542px-Thorbeckewal_en_Thorbeckegracht_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Thorbeckewal and Vispoortbridge</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwolle,_Rijke_Fratershuis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rich Friar House a center of the Devotio Moderna and later the home of Willem Bartjens"><img alt="The Rich Friar House a center of the Devotio Moderna and later the home of Willem Bartjens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Zwolle%2C_Rijke_Fratershuis.jpg/270px-Zwolle%2C_Rijke_Fratershuis.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Zwolle%2C_Rijke_Fratershuis.jpg/405px-Zwolle%2C_Rijke_Fratershuis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Zwolle%2C_Rijke_Fratershuis.jpg/540px-Zwolle%2C_Rijke_Fratershuis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The <i>Rich Friar House</i> a center of the <i><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></i> and later the home of Willem Bartjens</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zicht_op_Zwolle_Centrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Zwolle city centre"><img alt="View of Zwolle city centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zicht_op_Zwolle_Centrum.jpg/240px-Zicht_op_Zwolle_Centrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zicht_op_Zwolle_Centrum.jpg/360px-Zicht_op_Zwolle_Centrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zicht_op_Zwolle_Centrum.jpg/480px-Zicht_op_Zwolle_Centrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">View of Zwolle city centre</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Organ_in_Broerenkerk,_Zwolle,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The organ in Broerenkerk"><img alt="The organ in Broerenkerk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Organ_in_Broerenkerk%2C_Zwolle%2C_2013.jpg/135px-Organ_in_Broerenkerk%2C_Zwolle%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Organ_in_Broerenkerk%2C_Zwolle%2C_2013.jpg/202px-Organ_in_Broerenkerk%2C_Zwolle%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Organ_in_Broerenkerk%2C_Zwolle%2C_2013.jpg/270px-Organ_in_Broerenkerk%2C_Zwolle%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The organ in Broerenkerk</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herman_Brood_Museum_%26_Experience_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herman Brood Museum & Experience"><img alt="Herman Brood Museum & Experience" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Herman_Brood_Museum_%26_Experience_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/271px-Herman_Brood_Museum_%26_Experience_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Herman_Brood_Museum_%26_Experience_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/406px-Herman_Brood_Museum_%26_Experience_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Herman_Brood_Museum_%26_Experience_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg/542px-Herman_Brood_Museum_%26_Experience_Zwolle_Overijssel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Brood" title="Herman Brood">Herman Brood</a> Museum & Experience</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwolle_Prins_Hendrikstraat_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Art Nouveau gate at Prins Hendrikstraat 1-3-5. 1902, architect Geurt Gijsbertus Post"><img alt="The Art Nouveau gate at Prins Hendrikstraat 1-3-5. 1902, architect Geurt Gijsbertus Post" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zwolle_Prins_Hendrikstraat_Gate.jpg/135px-Zwolle_Prins_Hendrikstraat_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zwolle_Prins_Hendrikstraat_Gate.jpg/202px-Zwolle_Prins_Hendrikstraat_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zwolle_Prins_Hendrikstraat_Gate.jpg/269px-Zwolle_Prins_Hendrikstraat_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="3568" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Art Nouveau gate at Prins Hendrikstraat 1-3-5. 1902, architect Geurt Gijsbertus Post</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwolle,_fontein_in_Stadsgracht_bij_Museum_de_Fundatie_foto4_2016-06-05_10.03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fountain near Museum de Fundatie"><img alt="Fountain near Museum de Fundatie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Zwolle%2C_fontein_in_Stadsgracht_bij_Museum_de_Fundatie_foto4_2016-06-05_10.03.jpg/295px-Zwolle%2C_fontein_in_Stadsgracht_bij_Museum_de_Fundatie_foto4_2016-06-05_10.03.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Zwolle%2C_fontein_in_Stadsgracht_bij_Museum_de_Fundatie_foto4_2016-06-05_10.03.jpg/442px-Zwolle%2C_fontein_in_Stadsgracht_bij_Museum_de_Fundatie_foto4_2016-06-05_10.03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Zwolle%2C_fontein_in_Stadsgracht_bij_Museum_de_Fundatie_foto4_2016-06-05_10.03.jpg/590px-Zwolle%2C_fontein_in_Stadsgracht_bij_Museum_de_Fundatie_foto4_2016-06-05_10.03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4307" data-file-height="2630" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Fountain near Museum de Fundatie</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl><dd><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Zwolle" title="Category:People from Zwolle">People from Zwolle</a></i></dd>
<dt>Arts, culture, entertainment and the media</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Victor_Bartholomeus" title="Willem Victor Bartholomeus">Willem Victor Bartholomeus</a> (1825–1892), organist and conductor</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hein_Boele" title="Hein Boele">Hein Boele</a> (born 1939), actor, Dutch voice of <a href="/wiki/Elmo" title="Elmo">Elmo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonnie_Boer" title="Jonnie Boer">Jonnie Boer</a> (born 1965), chef with three Michelin stars</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_ter_Borch" title="Gerard ter Borch">Gerard ter Borch</a> (1617–1681), painter<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_ter_Borch_the_Elder" title="Gerard ter Borch the Elder">Gerard ter Borch the Elder</a> (1583–1662), painter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ter_Borch" title="Moses ter Borch">Moses ter Borch</a> (1645–1667), painter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tooske_Breugem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooske Breugem">Tooske Breugem</a> (born 1974), television host actress</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Brood" title="Herman Brood">Herman Brood</a> (1946–2001), painter/rock star</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Funda_Eryi%C4%9Fit" title="Funda Eryiğit">Funda Eryiğit</a> (born 1984), Turkish actress</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Grasdorp" title="Willem Grasdorp">Willem Grasdorp</a> (1678–1723), painter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aleida_Greve" title="Aleida Greve">Aleida Greve</a> (1670–1742), painter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Cornelia_Holt" title="Anna Cornelia Holt">Anna Cornelia Holt</a> (1671–1692), painter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Holt" title="Sophia Holt">Sophia Holt</a> (1658–1734), painter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonina_Houbraken" title="Antonina Houbraken">Antonina Houbraken</a> (1686–1736), draughtswoman</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marnix_Kappers" title="Marnix Kappers">Marnix Kappers</a> (1943–2016), actor</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1380</span>–1471), canon and mystic</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Master_I._A._M._of_Zwolle" title="Master I. A. M. of Zwolle">Master I. A. M. of Zwolle</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1440</span>–1490), engraver</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ton_Koopman" title="Ton Koopman">Ton Koopman</a> (born 1944), a conductor, organist, and harpsichordist</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Landman" title="Yuri Landman">Yuri Landman</a> (born 1973), experimental musical instrument builder, comic book artist</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_van_Marle" title="Cornelia van Marle">Cornelia van Marle</a> (1661–1698), painter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Minsky" title="Michael Minsky">Michael Minsky</a> (1918–1988), singer and conductor</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_van_Munster" title="Leonard van Munster">Leonard van Munster</a> (born 1972), artist</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Opgezwolle" title="Opgezwolle">Opgezwolle</a> (since 2001), rap crew</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Vayne" title="Jan Vayne">Jan Vayne</a> (Jan Veenje) (born 1966), pianist</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Wessels" title="Charlotte Wessels">Charlotte Wessels</a> (born 1987), former singer for <a href="/wiki/Delain" title="Delain">Delain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aleijda_Wolfsen" title="Aleijda Wolfsen">Aleijda Wolfsen</a> (1648–1692), painter</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Authors</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eef_Brouwers" title="Eef Brouwers">Eef Brouwers</a> (1939–2018), journalist and former head of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Government_Information_Service" title="Netherlands Government Information Service">Netherlands Government Information Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._den_Doolaard" title="A. den Doolaard">A. den Doolaard</a> (1901–1994), author</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhijnvis_Feith" title="Rhijnvis Feith">Rhijnvis Feith</a> (1753–1824), author</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Everhardus_Johannes_Potgieter" title="Everhardus Johannes Potgieter">Everhardus Johannes Potgieter</a> (1808–1875), author</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Business</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Jan_van_Dedem" title="Willem Jan van Dedem">Willem Jan van Dedem</a> (1776–1851), landowner and founder of the canal and town of Dedemsvaart<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Religion</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Busch" title="Johannes Busch">Johannes Busch</a> (1399–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1480</span>), church reformer and provost of the Augustinian monastic order</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Ignatius_Schaepman" title="Andreas Ignatius Schaepman">Andreas Ignatius Schaepman</a> (1815–1882), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht">Archbishop of Utrecht</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alanus_de_Rupe" title="Alanus de Rupe">Alanus de Rupe</a> (1428–1475), Roman Catholic theologian and Dominican promotor of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Politics</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_Jan_Brinkhorst" title="Laurens Jan Brinkhorst">Laurens Jan Brinkhorst</a> (born 1937), former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands)">Minister of Economic Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joan_van_der_Capellen_tot_den_Pol" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol">Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol</a> (1741–1784), role in the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wybo_Fijnje" title="Wybo Fijnje">Wybo Fijnje</a> (1750–1809), Mennonite minister, publisher, exile, coup perpetrator, politician</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Johan_Lucas_Grobb%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Johan Lucas Grobbée">Willem Johan Lucas Grobbée</a> (1822–1907), <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)">Minister of Finance</a> from 1883 to 1885</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_van_Heerdt_tot_Eversberg" title="Johannes van Heerdt tot Eversberg">Johannes van Heerdt tot Eversberg</a> (1829–1893), former governor of Suriname and Curaçao<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Kasteel" title="Piet Kasteel">Piet Kasteel</a> (1901–2003), ambassador and former governor of Curaçao<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Rudolf Thorbecke">Johan Rudolf Thorbecke</a> (1798–1872), <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a> (1849 - 1853, 1862 - 1866, 1871 - 1872)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Sports</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroen_Dubbeldam" title="Jeroen Dubbeldam">Jeroen Dubbeldam</a> (born 1973), <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Olympic Equestrian champion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marten_Eikelboom" title="Marten Eikelboom">Marten Eikelboom</a> (born 1973), <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a> player</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Grobbe" title="Maarten Grobbe">Maarten Grobbe</a> (1901–1961), football player</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Haar" title="Martin Haar">Martin Haar</a> (born 1952), former football defender and current trainer</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rinus_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Rinus Israël">Rinus Israël</a> (born 1942), former football player and current scout</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Jans" title="Ron Jans">Ron Jans</a> (born 1958), former football player and current <a href="/wiki/Head_coach" title="Head coach">coach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Konterman" title="Bert Konterman">Bert Konterman</a> (1971), football player</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hennie_van_Nee" title="Hennie van Nee">Hennie van Nee</a> (1939–1996), football player</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pierik" title="Eric Pierik">Eric Pierik</a> (born 1959), <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> player</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Rep" title="Johnny Rep">Johnny Rep</a> (born 1951), football player</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Schrijvers" title="Piet Schrijvers">Piet Schrijvers</a> (1946–2022), football player</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Smeekens" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Smeekens">Johannes Smeekens</a> (born 1987), Olympic <a href="/wiki/Speedskater" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedskater">speedskater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Stam" title="Jaap Stam">Jaap Stam</a> (born 1972), former football player and current coach</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Voges" title="Gerrit Voges">Gerrit Voges</a> (1932–2007), football player</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wessels" title="Peter Wessels">Peter Wessels</a> (born 1978), <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> player</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Science</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianus_Carolus_Henricus_van_der_Aa" title="Christianus Carolus Henricus van der Aa">Christianus Carolus Henricus van der Aa</a> (1718–1793), Secretary of the Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joannes_Stieltjes" title="Thomas Joannes Stieltjes">Thomas Joannes Stieltjes</a> (1856–1894), mathematician, civil engineer and politician</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Derk-Jan_Dijk" title="Derk-Jan Dijk">Derk-Jan Dijk</a> (Born 1958), Researcher of sleep and circadian rhythms</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Zwolle is home to several universities and colleges:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artez" class="mw-redirect" title="Artez">Artez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christelijke_Hogeschool_Windesheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Christelijke Hogeschool Windesheim">Christelijke Hogeschool Windesheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltion_College_Zwolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltion College Zwolle (page does not exist)">Deltion College Zwolle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltion_College_Zwolle" class="extiw" title="nl:Deltion College Zwolle">nl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hogeschool_Zwolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hogeschool Zwolle (page does not exist)">Hogeschool Zwolle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogeschool_Zwolle" class="extiw" title="nl:Hogeschool Zwolle">nl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Landstede_Zwolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landstede Zwolle">Landstede Zwolle</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibap_Zwolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cibap Zwolle (page does not exist)">Cibap Zwolle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibap_Zwolle" class="extiw" title="nl:Cibap Zwolle">nl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groene_Welle_Zwolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groene Welle Zwolle (page does not exist)">Groene Welle Zwolle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groene_Welle_Zwolle" class="extiw" title="nl:Groene Welle Zwolle">nl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hogeschool_viaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hogeschool viaa (page does not exist)">Hogeschool viaa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogeschool_viaa" class="extiw" title="nl:Hogeschool viaa">nl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorbecke_Scholengemeenschap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorbecke Scholengemeenschap (page does not exist)">Thorbecke Scholengemeenschap</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorbecke_Scholengemeenschap" class="extiw" title="nl:Thorbecke Scholengemeenschap">nl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Windesheim_Honours_College" title="Windesheim Honours College">Windesheim Honours College</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4011_en_4012_in_Zwolle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/4011_en_4012_in_Zwolle.JPG/220px-4011_en_4012_in_Zwolle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/4011_en_4012_in_Zwolle.JPG/330px-4011_en_4012_in_Zwolle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/4011_en_4012_in_Zwolle.JPG/440px-4011_en_4012_in_Zwolle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Zwolle railway station with <a href="/wiki/NS_Intercity_Materieel" title="NS Intercity Materieel">ICMm</a> train</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Road_transport">Road transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Zwolle is a hub in the national highway network, and gateway to northern Netherlands. This is reflected in the high traffic volumes in and around the city. The <a href="/wiki/A28_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A28 motorway (Netherlands)">A28</a> serves Zwolle with 4 exits, and runs from <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> to <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>. It is being widened to 8 lanes across the <a href="/wiki/IJssel_River" class="mw-redirect" title="IJssel River">IJssel River</a> and 6 lanes from Zwolle to Meppel in 2010 and 2011. The motorway initially opened between 1964 and 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Another motorway, the <a href="/wiki/A50_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A50 motorway (Netherlands)">A50</a>, interchanges with A28 just west of the city, offering a route for southbound traffic to <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincial_road_N35_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincial road N35 (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">N35</a> highway starts in Zwolle, where it forms the eastern section of the ring road of Zwolle, it runs as a non-motorway to <a href="/wiki/Almelo" title="Almelo">Almelo</a> and continues to <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a> as <a href="/wiki/A35_motorway_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="A35 motorway (Netherlands)">A35 motorway</a>. The ringroad is mainly a 4-lane road, with numerous traffic lights. It forms a full ring, and also exists out of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincial_road_N337_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincial road N337 (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">N337</a> highway that runs to <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>. Other sections of the ring road are not numbered. Parts of the ring road were widened to six lanes in 2010. Other numbered highways running from Zwolle are <a href="/wiki/Provincial_road_N331_(Netherlands)" title="Provincial road N331 (Netherlands)">N331</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hasselt,_Overijssel" title="Hasselt, Overijssel">Hasselt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincial_road_N758_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincial road N758 (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">N758</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nieuwleusen" title="Nieuwleusen">Nieuwleusen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincial_road_N340_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincial road N340 (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">N340</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ommen" title="Ommen">Ommen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provincial_road_N764_(Netherlands)" title="Provincial road N764 (Netherlands)">N764</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bridges">Bridges</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Due to nearby rivers, there are several major bridges in and around Zwolle. The most important bridge is the IJssel Bridge where the A28 motorway runs across. It was completed in 1970 and carries over 125.000 vehicles per day. Adjacent to this bridge is the older IJssel Bridge, which opened in 1930 and was destroyed twice during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. A third IJssel Bridge is the railway bridge (called Hanze boog) which carries the railway line from Zwolle to <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>, and from 2012, to <a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a>. There are several bridges across the <a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Water" title="Zwarte Water">Zwarte Water</a> River, including two 4-lane bridges, a 2-lane bridge, and a bus/bicycle bridge. There is also a bridge across the <a href="/wiki/Vecht_(Overijssel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vecht (Overijssel)">Vecht</a>, which carries A28 motorway. Another local bridge is adjacent to this bridge. A third bridge carries rail traffic to <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>. Numerous local bridges exist around the historic city center.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rail transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle_railway_station" title="Zwolle railway station">Zwolle railway station</a></li></ul>
<p>The first train in Zwolle arrived on 6 June 1864. Today the city has <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">rail connections</a> in eight directions (viz. <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmen,_Netherlands" title="Emmen, Netherlands">Emmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>).
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">rail connection</a> with <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> via <a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Hanzelijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzelijn">Hanzelijn</a> – is operational since December 2012.
</p><p>The second station, <a href="/wiki/Zwolle_Stadshagen_railway_station" title="Zwolle Stadshagen railway station">Zwolle Stadshagen</a>, was opened on 15 December 2019.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_transport">Water transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Zwolle is located on or near three rivers (<a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Water" title="Zwarte Water">Zwarte Water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vecht_(Overijssel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vecht (Overijssel)">Vecht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a>), several <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> (the now disused Willemsvaart, Nieuwe Vecht and Overijssels Kanaal and the modern Zwolle-IJssel Kanaal). There are some water-related industries in Zwolle, mainly in the Voorst industrial area.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_relations">International relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands">List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands</a></div>
<h3><span id="Twin_towns.E2.80.94sister_cities"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns—sister_cities">Twin towns—sister cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twin towns—sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Zwolle is currently <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twinned</a> with:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCnen" title="Lünen">Lünen</a>, Germany</li></ul>
<p>In the past, Zwolle had partnerships with:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rsekhalma" title="Érsekhalma">Érsekhalma</a>, Hungary</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rutobwe" title="Rutobwe">Rutobwe</a>, Rwanda</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, Russia</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Russia</li></ul>
<p>There is also a small rural town in the U.S. State of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Zwolle,_Louisiana" title="Zwolle, Louisiana">Zwolle</a>. The two cities maintain close informal ties.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/70072ned/table?ts=1615235479113">"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland"</a> [Regional core figures Netherlands]. <i>CBS Statline</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a>. 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Statline&rft.atitle=Bevolkingsontwikkeling%3B+Regionale+kerncijfers+Nederland&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F70072ned%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1615235479113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span>
</span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theo Holleman (1996), <i>Een verleden op de schop</i>, University Press, Amsterdam, {ddet är böganas fel{ISBN|90-5356-189-7}}</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hove, ten J. (2005). <i>Geschiedenis van Zwolle</i> Zwolle: Waanders. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-400-9050-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-400-9050-5">90-400-9050-5</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFF.C._Berkenvelder1980" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">F.C. Berkenvelder (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816060611/http://www.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm">"Het begin"</a>. <i>Zwolle 750 jaar stad</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waanders (page does not exist)">Waanders</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz1.htm">the original</a> on 16 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zwolle+750+jaar+stad&rft.atitle=Het+begin&rft.date=1980&rft.au=F.C.+Berkenvelder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl%2Fzwolle%2Fzw%2Fgeschz1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFF.C._Berkenvelder1980" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">F.C. Berkenvelder (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523153738/http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm">"De handel en de Hanze"</a>. <i>Zwolle 750 jaar stad</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waanders (page does not exist)">Waanders</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl/zwolle/zw/geschz4.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2007</span>. <q>De stedelijke geldmiddelen, het nationaal inkomen zouden wij nu zeggen, die in 1402 nog 6.000 gulden bedroegen waren in 1450 bijna verzesvoudigd tot 34.000 gulden. (Translated: The city's financial resources, the national income as we would now call it, which were 6,000 guilders in 1402, had by 1450 multiplied by six to 34,000 guilders.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zwolle+750+jaar+stad&rft.atitle=De+handel+en+de+Hanze&rft.date=1980&rft.au=F.C.+Berkenvelder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl%2Fzwolle%2Fzw%2Fgeschz4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Zwolle op keerpunt van bestaan" (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/De_Stentor" title="De Stentor">De Stentor</a>. 2 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zwolle+op+keerpunt+van+bestaan&rft.date=2005-03-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Zwolle" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zwolle">Zwolle</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1064.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zwolle&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1064&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Major">"Léo Major | Canadian soldier"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%A9o+Major+%26%23124%3B+Canadian+soldier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLeo-Major&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFf1UfVa8Lc">"The One-Eyed Scout Who Liberated a Whole Town By Himself by Simple History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/eFf1UfVa8Lc">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+One-Eyed+Scout+Who+Liberated+a+Whole+Town+By+Himself+by+Simple+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeFf1UfVa8Lc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/classroom/canada-remembers-times/2020/page2">"Canada Remembers Times Veterans' Week Special Edition"</a>. <i>Veterans Affairs Canada</i>. 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft.atitle=Canada+Remembers+Times+Veterans%27+Week+Special+Edition&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fremembrance%2Fclassroom%2Fcanada-remembers-times%2F2020%2Fpage2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoyjer2020" class="citation web cs1">Goyjer, Jim (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824034201/https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/">"Visit Zwolle: Home of the Bluefingers and a French-Canadian Hero"</a>. <i>Dutch Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/visit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero/">the original</a> on 24 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dutch+Review&rft.atitle=Visit+Zwolle%3A+Home+of+the+Bluefingers+and+a+French-Canadian+Hero&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Goyjer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchreview.com%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fvisit-zwolle-home-bluefingers-french-canadian-hero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoncure2019" class="citation web cs1">Moncure, Billy (11 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/leo-major-the-unstoppable.html">"A Mad Major: The Canadian Hero Who Captured A City"</a>. <i>War History Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+History+Online&rft.atitle=A+Mad+Major%3A+The+Canadian+Hero+Who+Captured+A+City&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft.aulast=Moncure&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Finstant-articles%2Fleo-major-the-unstoppable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-us-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-us_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Alleged Eritrean People Smuggler Appears in Dutch Court". 10 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alleged+Eritrean+People+Smuggler+Appears+in+Dutch+Court&rft.date=2023-01-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoxma2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boxma, Willem (2001). "Steuren, blauwvingers, kwekweschudders en tukkers. Schimpnamen in Overijssel". <i>Traditie. Tijdschrift over Tradities en Trends.</i> (in Dutch). <b>2</b>: 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1382-4104">1382-4104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditie.+Tijdschrift+over+Tradities+en+Trends.&rft.atitle=Steuren%2C+blauwvingers%2C+kwekweschudders+en+tukkers.+Schimpnamen+in+Overijssel&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1382-4104&rft.aulast=Boxma&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111033554/http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142">"In welke stad wonen de blauwvingers?"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nederlands_Centrum_voor_Volkscultuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur (page does not exist)">Nederlands Centrum voor Volkscultuur</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volkscultuur.nl/kb.php?doc=46142">the original</a> on 11 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+welke+stad+wonen+de+blauwvingers%3F&rft.pub=Nederlands+Centrum+voor+Volkscultuur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkscultuur.nl%2Fkb.php%3Fdoc%3D46142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiek.net/de-blauwvingers-van-zwolle/143987/">"De Blauwvingers van Zwolle"</a>. <i>Historiek</i> (in Dutch). 8 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historiek&rft.atitle=De+Blauwvingers+van+Zwolle&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Fde-blauwvingers-van-zwolle%2F143987%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archimon.nl/overijssel/zwollebroerenkerk.html">"Zwolle (Ov): Broerenkerk"</a>. <i>archimon.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archimon.nl&rft.atitle=Zwolle+%28Ov%29%3A+Broerenkerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archimon.nl%2Foverijssel%2Fzwollebroerenkerk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFScholten" class="citation web cs1">Scholten, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickscholten.nl/page.php?id=3">"Waanders in the Broerenkerk"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waanders+in+the+Broerenkerk&rft.aulast=Scholten&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rickscholten.nl%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ter_Borch,_Gerard"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ter_Borch,_Gerard">"Ter Borch, Gerard" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ter_Borch%2C_Gerard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wieiswieinoverijssel.nl/zoekresultaten/p2/459-willem-jan-baron-van-dedem">"Willem Jan baron van Dedem (1776-1851)"</a>. <i>Wie is wie in Overijssel</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wie+is+wie+in+Overijssel&rft.atitle=Willem+Jan+baron+van+Dedem+%281776-1851%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wieiswieinoverijssel.nl%2Fzoekresultaten%2Fp2%2F459-willem-jan-baron-van-dedem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlement.com/id/vg09lmg9siq6">"J.H.A.W. baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg"</a>. <i>Dutch Parliament</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dutch+Parliament&rft.atitle=J.H.A.W.+baron+van+Heerdt+tot+Eversberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2Fid%2Fvg09lmg9siq6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Kuijk_en_Pieter_van_der_Ven2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jan Kuijk en Pieter van der Ven (17 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/leven-met-kuyper-gerbrandy-en-zoon-karel~b8682ebb/">"Leven met Kuyper, Gerbrandy en zoon Karel"</a>. <i>Trouw</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trouw&rft.atitle=Leven+met+Kuyper%2C+Gerbrandy+en+zoon+Karel&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft.au=Jan+Kuijk+en+Pieter+van+der+Ven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fleven-met-kuyper-gerbrandy-en-zoon-karel~b8682ebb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thorbecke,_Jan_Rudolf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thorbecke,_Jan_Rudolf">"Thorbecke, Jan Rudolf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thorbecke%2C_Jan_Rudolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/dos/dosA28.htm">"completion dates A28 at autosnelwegen.nl"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=completion+dates+A28+at+autosnelwegen.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autosnelwegen.nl%2Fasw%2Fdos%2FdosA28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natashasanchezcreates.com/blog/2014/06/going-dutch-in-zwolle-louisiana.html">"Going Dutch - in Zwolle, Louisiana"</a>. <i>Natasha Sanchez</i>. 14 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natasha+Sanchez&rft.atitle=Going+Dutch+-+in+Zwolle%2C+Louisiana&rft.date=2014-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natashasanchezcreates.com%2Fblog%2F2014%2F06%2Fgoing-dutch-in-zwolle-louisiana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLourensLucassen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). <i>Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800</i>. Amsterdam: NEHA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9057420082" title="Special:BookSources/9057420082"><bdi>9057420082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inwonertallen+van+Nederlandse+steden+ca.+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=NEHA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9057420082&rft.aulast=Lourens&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft.au=Lucassen%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZwolle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwolle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zwolle" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zwolle">Zwolle</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zwolle#Q793" class="extiw" title="voy:Zwolle">Zwolle</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zwolle.nl">Official website</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Zwolle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Zwolle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Zwolle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr>
<td></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zwartewaterland" title="Zwartewaterland">Zwartewaterland</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Staphorst" title="Staphorst">Staphorst</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></td>
<td style="width:33%;">
<div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Zwolle</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Dalfsen" title="Dalfsen">Dalfsen</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hattem" title="Hattem">Hattem</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">GE</a>)</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Heerde" title="Heerde">Heerde</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">GE</a>), <a href="/wiki/Olst-Wijhe" title="Olst-Wijhe">Olst-Wijhe</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Raalte" title="Raalte">Raalte</a></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zwolle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overijssel_province" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overijssel_Province" title="Template:Overijssel Province"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overijssel_Province" title="Template talk:Overijssel Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overijssel_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overijssel Province"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overijssel_province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a> province</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almelo" title="Almelo">Almelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Borne,_Overijssel" title="Borne, Overijssel">Borne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dalfsen" title="Dalfsen">Dalfsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelland" title="Dinkelland">Dinkelland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haaksbergen" title="Haaksbergen">Haaksbergen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hardenberg" title="Hardenberg">Hardenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellendoorn" title="Hellendoorn">Hellendoorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hengelo" title="Hengelo">Hengelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hof_van_Twente" title="Hof van Twente">Hof van Twente</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Losser" title="Losser">Losser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oldenzaal" title="Oldenzaal">Oldenzaal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olst-Wijhe" title="Olst-Wijhe">Olst-Wijhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ommen" title="Ommen">Ommen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raalte" title="Raalte">Raalte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rijssen-Holten" title="Rijssen-Holten">Rijssen-Holten</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Staphorst" title="Staphorst">Staphorst</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steenwijkerland" title="Steenwijkerland">Steenwijkerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tubbergen" title="Tubbergen">Tubbergen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twenterand" title="Twenterand">Twenterand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wierden" title="Wierden">Wierden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zwartewaterland" title="Zwartewaterland">Zwartewaterland</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zwolle</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Overijssel_position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Overijssel_position.svg/60px-Overijssel_position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Overijssel_position.svg/90px-Overijssel_position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Overijssel_position.svg/120px-Overijssel_position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kop_van_Overijssel" title="Kop van Overijssel">Kop van Overijssel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salland" title="Salland">Salland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twente" title="Twente">Twente</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<dl><dt>See also</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions and subregions</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Template:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Template talk:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" title="Capital of the Netherlands">National capital</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat of government</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">Constituent countries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Public bodies</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Aruba" title="Oranjestad, Aruba">Oranjestad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Philipsburg,_Sint_Maarten" title="Philipsburg, Sint Maarten">Philipsburg</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Friesland">Friesland</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></li>
<li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zwolle</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kralendijk" title="Kralendijk">Kralendijk</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Bottom" title="The Bottom">The Bottom</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Sint_Eustatius" title="Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius">Oranjestad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">List of cities in the Netherlands by province</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Populated_places_in_the_municipality_of_Zwolle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_municipality_Zwolle" title="Template:Dutch municipality Zwolle"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_municipality_Zwolle" title="Template talk:Dutch municipality Zwolle"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_municipality_Zwolle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch municipality Zwolle"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Populated_places_in_the_municipality_of_Zwolle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Populated places in the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zwolle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zwolle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windesheim,_Netherlands" title="Windesheim, Netherlands">Windesheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wijthmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wijthmen (page does not exist)">Wijthmen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijthmen" class="extiw" title="nl:Wijthmen">nl</a>]</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hamlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baarlo,_Zwartewaterland" title="Baarlo, Zwartewaterland">Baarlo</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankhuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankhuis (page does not exist)">Frankhuis</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herfte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herfte (page does not exist)">Herfte</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haerst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haerst (page does not exist)">Haerst</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harculo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harculo (page does not exist)">Harculo</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langenholte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langenholte (page does not exist)">Langenholte</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Lichtmis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Lichtmis (page does not exist)">De Lichtmis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mastenbroek" title="Mastenbroek">Mastenbroek</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldeneel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldeneel (page does not exist)">Oldeneel</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schelle,_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schelle, Netherlands (page does not exist)">Schelle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spoolde" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoolde">Spoolde</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaln%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zalné (page does not exist)">Zalné</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Overijssel" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Overijssel">List of cities, towns and villages in Overijssel</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q793#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q793#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q793#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238407495">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119274-6">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564486005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81136784">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000296735&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zwolle (Overijssel, Nizozemsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge759829&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/083e1d3e-0061-49ae-af25-ad4c217a965d">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714113574' |